CIHM 

Microfiche 
Series 

(■Monographs) 


iCIMH 

Collection  de 

microfiches 

(monographles) 


Canadian  Inatituta  for  Hiatorical  Microraproductiona  /  Inatitut  Canadian  da  microraproductiona  hiatoriquaa 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filmirig.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


j"^  Coloured  covers  / 


Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged  / 
Couverture  endommagte 


□ Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicuMe 

I    [  Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  ntanque 

I    I  Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

j — j  Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 


Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


□ 
□ 
□ 


□ 


□ 


Bound  with  other  material  / 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion  along 
interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge 
Int^rieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  t>een 
omitted  from  filming  /  II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajoutdes  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  itait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  616  f  ilm^es. 

Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
6\6  possible  de  s«  procurer.  Les  dtoils  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sont  peut-6tre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  nxxJifier  une  image  reproduite. 
ou  qui  pmivwit  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  mAtho- 
de  normale  da  filmaga  sont  indiqute  ckiassous. 

I    I  Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I    I  Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommag^ 

□ Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicultes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
I  V  I  Pages  dteolordes,  tachettes  ou  piqudes 

I    I  Pages  detached/ Pages  d6tach^ 

[~y|  Showthrough /Transparence 
j    j  Quality  of  print  varies  / 


□ 
□ 


□ 


Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppldmentaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  en-ata  b  ip'* 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to  ensure  the  be:^ 
possible  image  /  Lt^s  pages  totalement  ou 
paitiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une 
pelure.  etc.,  ont  6t6  filmtes  k  nouveau  de  fafon  k 
obtenir  la  meHleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discoiourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  diteolorations  sont 
film^es  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  ia  meilleure  bnage 
possible. 


Thia  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below  / 

Ce  document  est  film4  au  taux  de  riduction  indiqu4  ci-deasous. 


lOx 


14x 


18x 


17^ 


22x 


12x 


16x 


20x 


26x 


30x 


24x 


28x 


32x 


Th«  copy  fH»n«d  h«r«  Hm  b—n  r«produc»d  th«nk»  L  txtmplaire  film*  fut  rtproduit  grlc«  A  !• 

to  th«  g«fl«rMity  of:  9*n*'0«it4  d«: 

NrtloMl  Library  of  CwMda  BibHath8qa«  MtlonaU  Ai  Cmwda 


The  imagat  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
poasibia  eonaidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
3f  tho  originol  copy  and  in  hooping  wHti  tho 
filming  eontroet  apoeif  icotiono. 


Original  eopias  in  printod  popor  covora  aro  fiimod 
baginning  with  tho  front  covor  and  onding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  iniproa> 
sion.  or  tho  bacit  covor  whon  appropriata.  All 
othor  original  copioo  aro  fiimod  boginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  iiiustratod  improa- 
sion.  and  anding  on  tha  laat  paga  with  a  printod 
or  illiiotratod  improoaion. 


Tho  laat  rocordod  framo  on  ooch  microficho 
shall  contain  tha  symbol        (maaning  "CON- 
T!NUED"I,  or  tho  symbol  ▼  (maaning  "END"), 
whiehovor  appliaa. 

Mapa.  platas.  charts,  ate.  may  ba  fiimad  at 
difforont  roduction  ratioa.  Thoso  too  larga  to  bo 
antiroly  included  in  one  axposura  aro  fiimad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  cornor,  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framas  as 
roquirod.  Tho  following  diagrams  illustrata  tha 
mothod: 


Loa  images  suivantas  ont  M  raproduites  avec  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tenu  da  la  condition  at 
do  la  nattat*  da  I'axamplaira  film*,  at  an 
conformity  avoc  loa  conditions  du  contrat  do 
filmago. 

Loa  oxompiairaa  originaux  dont  la  eouvorturo  an 
papior  oat  imprimto  sont  filmte  an  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darniira  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  lo  second 
plat,  solon  lo  caa.  Toua  lea  autras  exempiairas 
originaux  sont  filmAs  on  commonpant  par  la 
pramiira  paga  qui  comporta  una  empreinte 
d'impraasion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  domiiro  pago  qui  eomporto  uno  toilo 
omprointo. 

Un  dos  symbolas  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniAre  image  da  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole        signifie  "A  SUIVRE  le 
symboio  ▼  aignifio  "FIN". 

Las  cartas,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  ittt 
filmte  A  dee  taux  da  rAduction  diffirents. 
Lorsquo  to  document  eat  trop  grand  pour  itre 
roproduit  en  un  soul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droito, 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaira.  Loa  diagrammos  suivants 
illustront  ia  mAthodo. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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Birch-Bark  Roll 


OF  THC 

WOODCRAFT  INDIANS 


PRICE.  25  CENTS 


THE  BIRCH-BARK  ROLL 


ERNEST  THOMPSON  SETON 

Biography  of  a  Grizzly 

Krag  and  Johnny 

Livea  of  the  Hunted 

Monarch,  the  Big  Bear  of  TaUac 

Two  Little  Savage* 

Wild  Animal  Play 

Wild  Animals  I  have  Known 

Trail  of  a  Sand-Hill  Stag 

Lobo,  Rag  and  Vixen 

Studies  in  Art  Anatomy  of  Animals 


The 

Birch-bark  Roll 

of  the 

WOODCRAFT  INDIANS 

Containing  their  Constitution,  Laws, 
Games,  and  Deeds 

By 

ERNEST  THOMPSON  SETON 


New  York 
Doubleday,  Page  &  Company 
1906 


^  ^  .d  / 


lit  Edition  in  Ladiei'  Home  ]ourn;il 
Copynghl,  igoa,  by 
THE  CURTIS  PUBUSUINO  COMl'ANY 

•d  EdMea 

THE  CURTIS  PUBUSBINO  COMPANY 

H  I"(lilii>n 
Copyright,  igo4,  by 

ERNEST  THOMFSON  SBTON 


4th  EdtioB  in  **  AModMiM  Bort"  for  JoM 
ERNEST  THOMPSON  SETON 

;th  Edition 
Copyright,  1906,  »y 
ERNEST  THOMPSON  SETON 


0  90024i 


The  Birch-Bark  Roll 
Of  the  Woodcraft  Indiaiii 

THIS  is  a  time  when  the  t  hole  nation  is  turning 
toward  the  outdoor  life,  seeking  in  it  the  physical 
regent-ration  s*)  needful  for  continued  national  exist- 
ence—  is  waking  to  the  fact  long  knovn  to  thoughtful 
men,  that  those  live  longest  who  h.i^  nearest  to  the 
ground,  that  is,  who  live  the  simple  life  of  primitive 
times,  divested,  however,  of  the  evils  that  ignorance  in 
those  times  begot. 

Half  our  diseases  arc  in  our  minds  and  half  in  our 
houses.  We  can  safely  leave  the  rest  to  the  physicians 
for  treatment. 

Sport  is  the  great  incentive  to  outdoor  lift;  nature 
study  is  the  intellectual  side  of  sport.  Camping  is  the 
simple  life  reduced  to  a  ual  practice,  as  well  as  the 
culmination  of  the  outdoor  life. 

Camping  has  no  great  popularity  to-day,  because 
men  have  the  idea  that  it  is  possible  only  after  an  ex- 
pensive journey  to  the  wildemcM,  and  women  that  it  is 
inconvenient,  dirty,  and  dangerous. 

These  are  errors.  They  have  arisen  bccaust  mp- 
ing  as  an  art  is  not  understood.   When  intelligently 

I 


The  Birch-Bark  RoU 


followed  camp  life  must  take  its  place  as  a  cheap  and 
delightful  way  of  living  as  well  as  a  mental  and  physical  ) 
saviour  of  those  strained  and  broken  by  the  grind  of 
the  over-busy  world. 

Consumption,  the  white  man's  plague  since  he  has 
become  a  house  race,  is  vancjuished  by  the  sun  and  air,  | 
and  many  ills  of  the  mind  also  are  forgotten  when  the 
sufferer  boldly  takes  to  the  life  in  tents. 

The  wilderness  affords  the  ideal  camping,  but  many 
of  the  benefits  can  be  got  by  living  in  a  tent  pitched  on 
a  town  lot,  piaz/a,  or  eve  i  house-top. 

I  should  like  to  lead  this  whole  nation  into  the  way  of 
living  out-df)ors  for  at  least  a  month  each  year,  reviving  ^ 
and  expanding  a  custom  that  as  far  back  as  Moses  was 
dcemcU  essential  to  the  national  well-being. 

These  bands  have  been  organized  to  spread  the 
taste  for  camping,  by  showing  how  it  can  be  done  to  > 
best  advantage.  They  arc  simply  outdoor  clubs:  the 
Indian  name  and  style  were  given  chiefly  because  they 
add  the  charms  of  color  and  romance,  and  because 
they  are  so  appropriate. 

When  two  or  three  young  people  camp  out,  they  can 
live  as  a  sort  of  family,  especially  if  a  grown-up  be  with 
them,  but  when  a  dozen  or  more  go,  it  is  necessary  to  ' 
organize. 

There  are  four  possible  forms  of  government:  First, 

the  patriarchal,  as  above;  it  answers  fairly  for  two  or 

three,  but  fails  with  a  considerable  party.   Seco'^'l,  ] 

2 


The  Biteh-Batk  Ron 


the  school  system,  which,  for  several  reasons,  has  not 
succeeded  out  of  doors.  Third,  the  Brigade,  which 
many  object  to,  chiefly  because  it  fosters  militarism; 
and  last,  the  Tribal  or  Indian  form. 

Fundamentally  this  is  a  republic  or  limited  mon- 
archy, and  has  proved  far  the  best.  It  makes  its 
members  self-governing.  It  offers  appropriate  things 
to  do  outdoors  ;  it  is  so  plastic  that  it  can  be  adopted 
in  whole  or  in  part,  at  once  or  gradually;  its  ^tu- 
resqueness  takes  immediate  hold  of  the  boys,  and  il 
lends  itself  so  well  to  existing  ideas  that  soon  or  late 
most  camps  are  /orcoi  into  its  essentials,  call  them  what 
they  will. 

No  large  band  of  boys  ever  yet  camped^  out  for  a 
month  without  finding  it  necessary  to  recognize  leaders, 
a  senior  form,  or  ruling  set  whose  position  rests  on 
merit,  some  wise  grovm  person  to  guide  them  in  diffi- 
culties, and  a  place  to  display  the  emblems  of  the 
camp;  that  is,  they  have  adopted  the  system  of  Chiefs, 
Council,  Medicine-man  and  Totem-pole.  Moreover, 
the  ideal  Indian,  whether  he  ever  existed  or  not,  stands 
for  the  highest  type  of  the  primitive  life,  and  he  was  a 
master  of  Woodcraft,  which  is  our  principal  study. 
By  Woodcraft  we  mean  nature-study,  certain  kinds  of 
hunting,  and  the  art  of  camping,  but  we  add  all  good 
outdoor  athletics  to  our  pursuits. 

Photography  is  recognized  as  a  branch  of  nature- 
study,  and  camper-craft  is  made  to  include  the  sim- 

3 


The  Bifch-Bark  Roll 


plcst  methods  of  triangulalion,  star-craft,  finding  one's 
way,  telling  direction,  sign-language,  as  well  as  many 
branches  of  Indian-craft. 

Two  other  important  ideas  underlie  the  scheme. 
The  first  is  personal  decoration  for  personal  achieve- 
ments; second,  tio  competitive  honors*  All  our 
honors  are  bestowed  according  to  world-wide  stand- 
ards. 

In  our  colleges  to-day  every  effort  is  made  to  dis- 
cover and  develop  a  champion.  The  great  body  of 
the  students  are  neglected.  That  is,  the  ones  who  are 
in  need  of  physical  development  do  not  get  it,  and  those 
who  do  not  need  it  are  over  developed.  The  result 
is  much  unsoundness  of  many  kinds.  A  great  deal  of 
this  would  be  avoided  if  we  strive  to  bring  all  the  in- 
dividuals up  to  a  certain  standard.  In  our  non-com- 
petitive tests  the  enemies  are  not  "//ie  other  jellows" 
but  time  and  space.  We  try  not  to  down  the  others,  but 
to  raise  ourselves.  A  thorough  application  of  this  prin- 
ciple would  end  many  of  the  evils  now  demoralizing 
college  athletics. 

About  one  hundred  and  fifty  deeds  or  exploits  are 
recognized  in  these  various  departments,  and  the 
braves  are  given  decorations  that  show  what  they  have 
achieved.  The  ])lan  aims  to  give  the  young  people 
"something  to  do,  something  to  think  about,  and 
something  to  enjoy  in  the  woods,"  with  a  view  always 
*  Prizes  are  not  honors. 


4 


The  Bifch-Bark  Roll 


to  character  building,  for  maniiood  not  scholarship  is 
the  first  aim  of  education. 

And  \vc  would  make  the  outdoor  the  real  life,  the 
indoor  the  incident,  reversing  the  present  way. 

We  do  not,  however,  disband  when  the  camping 
season  is  over.  As  will  be  seen,  ample  provision  is  made 
in  the  games  and  honors  for  continuing  the  organiza- 
tion the  whole  year  round.  Most  of  the  Tribes  find 
abundant  amusement  throughout  the  winter  in  prepar- 
ing their  weapons,  dress,  teepees,  ornaments,  and  songs 
for  the  summer  camp. 

By  leading  the  young  j)eople  along  these  lines  we 
shall  be  helping  the  whole  nation  on  the  road  to  health. 


TO  ORGANIZE  A  BAND 

First  get  the  young  people  together,  any  number 
from  ten  up  —  fifteen  to  fifty  are  best  for  a  "beginnuig 
—  and  with  them  at  least  one  experienced  grown-up 
person,  who  will  act  as  Medicine-man  in  the  Council, 
and  as  teacher  when  needed. 

Outfit  for  Small  Tribe 

Birch-bark  Roll,  or  Book  of  Laws. 
Blank  book  for  tally. 

Teepees  or  tents  enough  to  house  the  Tribe. 

5 


The  Birch-Eark  Roll 


A  lotcm-polc. 

A  sujjply  of  scalps,  at  least  one  for  each. 
A  sui)piy  of  about  loo  feathers  or  other  honor 
tokens. 

A  red  horse-tail  for  feather  tips  and  medicine  scalp. 
A  drum. 

A  target,  and  range. 
Cooking  outfit  and  food. 

Also  the  things  for  the  games  they  wish  to  play  (see 
later),  the  Deer-hunt  for  land,  and  the  Sturgeon  spear- 
ing for  water,  being  especially  recommended. 

Each  Brave  Needs 

I  good  5-foot  bow,  complete  with  string. 

6  standard  arrows,  25  in.  long;  3  feathers,  steel  points. 

I  quiver  of  waterproof  canvas. 

I  plain  arm-guard. 

I  head  band. 

I  pair  trunks. 

1  waterproof  sheet,  6  ft.  x  5. 

2  woollen  blankets.  • 
To  these  he  may  add  as  much  Indian  costume  as 

he  likes.  But  costumes,  feathers,  etc.,  are  non-essentials. 
Many  tribes  wear  only  the  ordinary  clothes  of  out-door 
Ufe. 


6 


The  Birch-Bark  Roll 


TRIBAL  CONSTITUTION 

Akticxe  I 
Name 

This  organization  shall  be  known  as  the  * 
Tribe  0}  Woodcraji(or  Seton  Indians  as  many  have  pre- 
ferred to  call  themselves). 

Article  II 
Objects 

The  objects  of  this  organization  are  the  promotion  of 

interests  in  Out-of-Door  Life  and  Woodcraft,  the  pres- 
ervation of  Wild  Life  and  Landscape,  and  the  promo- 
tion of  Good  Fellowship  among  its  members. 

Article  III 
Membership 

Section  L   Persons  eligible  for  membership  must 
be  over        years  of  age  (18  is  usual  for  a  grown-up 
^  tribe,  8  for  a  boy  tribe,  but  some  tribes  take  all  ages). 
Section  11.   The  membership  shall  be  limited  to  . 
Section  III.   Application  for  membership  must  be 
made  in  writing  through  one  of  the  Council.  The 
name  of  such  applicant  shall  then  be  proposed  and 
seconded  by  members  in  good  standing,  and  shall  be 
*  It  is  usual  to  select  an  Indian  name  of  local  application. 

7 


The  Birch-Bark  Rolf 


publicly  posted  for  not  less  than  seven  suns.  A  ballot 
of  the  Tribe  shall  thereupon  be  taken  and  two  black- 
balls shall  exclude. 


Article  IV 
M  ediitgs 

Section  I.  A  monthly  Council  of  the  Tribe  shall 
be  held  on  the  first  Monday  of  each  Moon. 

Section  11.  The  Annual  Council  for  the  election  of 
oflicers  shall  be  held  on  the  first  sun  of  the  Awakeninc 
Moon  (March).*  * 

Section  III.  Special  Councils  may  be  called  by 
the  Chief,  and  must  be  called  by  him  upon  the  written 
request  of  one  fourth  of  the  Council  or  one  third  of 
the  Tribe. 

Section  IV.   A  majority  shall  be  a  quorum  of  the 

Council  or  Tribe. 

*  >^arch  —  First,  Awakening,  or  Crow  Moon  (blue). 
April  —  Wild-goose  or  Green-grass  Moon  (green). 
May  — Song  Moon  (purple). 
June  —  Rose  Moon  (rose). 
July  —  Thunder  Moon  (copper). 
August  —  Red  or  Green-corn  Moon  (red). 
September  —  Huntinp  Moon  (yellow). 

October— Leaf- falling  Moon  (fiery). 
NovemlxT— Mad  Moon  (smoky). 
December— Long-night  Moo.  (black). 
January  —  Snow  Moon  (white). 

February  —  Hunger  Moon  or  Wan  Moon  (pale  or  ashy), 

8 


The  Birch-Bark  RoH 


bECTiON  V.  A  member  may  vote  at  any  Council 
of  the  Tribe  by  proxy  in  his  own  handwriiing. 

Article  V 
The  Officers  and  Their  Dulles 

Head  vV^ar  Chief.  He  should  be  strong  as  well  as 
popular,  because  his  duties  are  to  lead  and  to  enforce 
the  laws.  He  is  head  of  the  Council  and  of  the  Tribe 
and  also  Herald  or  Crier. 

He  has  charge  of  the  standard  of  the  Tribe.  This 
is  a  staff  about  eight  feet  long,  painted  red  and  orna- 
mented with  any  of  the  designs  shown  in  the  illustra- 
tions, the  drawing  on  the  shield  being  always  the  totem 
of  the  Tribe.  The  small  shield  on  top  is  white  with 
blue  horns.  This  standard  is  carried  around  when  a 
proclamation  is  being  made.  If  the  Chief  deputes 
another  to  be  Herald,  he  also  gives  him  the  standard 
to  carry  as  a  badge  of  authority. 

When  not  thus  in  use  it  is  stuck  in  thr»  ground  near 
the  Chief's  teepee  or  place  in  Council,  or  perhaps  hung 
on  the  totem  polo. 

Second  War  Chief.  To  take  the  Head  Chief's  place 
when  he  is  absent;  otherwise  he  is  merely  a  Coundllor. 

Third  War  Chief.  For^  leader  when  the  other 
two  are  away. 

9 


The  Bbch-Bark  RoU 


Waijpum  Chief.  He  has  charge  of  the  money  and 
public  property  of  the  Tribe,  except  the  records.  He 
ought  to  have  a  lock  box  or  small  trunk  to  keep  val- 
uables in. 

Chief  of  the  Painted  Robe,  or  Feather 
Tally.  He  keeps  the  tribal  records,  including  the 
Book  of  Laws,  the  Roster  or  Roll,  the  Winter  Count 
or  Record  of  Camps  and  Seasons,  and  the  Feather 
Tally  or  Record  of  Honors  and  Exploits.  He  enters 
nothing  except  on  instructions  from  the  Council.  He 
should  be  an  artist. 

Chief  of  the  Council-Fire.  It  is  his  exclusive 
privilege  to  make  fire.  He  must  do  it  without  matches. 
He  must  also  see  that  the  camp  and  woods  are  kept  clean. 

Sometimes  one  Councillor  or  Chief  holds  more  than 
one  of  these  last  three  offices;  especially  it  is  well  to  have 
the  Head  Chief  also  Chief  of  the  Council  Fire. 

One  or  even  two  Medicine-men  may  be  voted  into 
the  Council  without  regard  to  age,  attainments,  or 
position. 

Add  to  these  not  more  than  twelve  elected  Coun- 
cillors, and  all  the  Sachems  or  Sagamores.  (See  p. 
46.)  These  officers  and  Councillors  form  the  gov- 
erning body. 

All  disputes,  etc.,  are  settled  by  the  Chief  and  the 
Council.  The  Council  makes  the  laws  and  fixes  the 
dues.    The  Chief  enforces  the  laws. 

All  officers  are  elected  for  one  year  or  until  their 

10 


The  Birch-Bark  Roll 


successors  arc  chosen.  The  election  to  take  place  on 
or  as  soon  as  possible  after  Spring  Day,  the  first  Sun  of 
the  Awakening  Moon  (ist  March). 

{Wlienever  in  doubt  we  try  to  follow  the  National 
Constitution.) 

Vow  OF  THE  Head  Chief 

(To  be  signed  with  his  name  and  totem  in  the  Tally-book) 

I  solemnly  promise  to  maintain  the  Laws,  to  see  fair 
play  in  all  the  doings  of  the  Tribe,  and  to  protect  the 
weak. 

Vow  OF  Each  Brave  on  Joining 
(To  be  signed  vnth  the  name  and  totem  of  each  in  the 

Tally-book) 

I  solemnly  promise  that  I  will  obey  the  Chief  and 
Council  of  my  Tribe,  and  if  I  fail  in  niy  'luty  I  will 
appear  before  the  Council  when  ordered  and  submit 
without  murmuring  to  their  decision. 

Article  VI 
Amendments 

Section  I.  Amendments  to  this  Constitution  may  be 
made  at  any  meeting  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  all  the  Tribe. 

Section  II.  Notice  of  proposed  an^endments  shall 
be  made  public  for  at  least  seven  suns  before  the 
meeting. 

II 


The  ftfch-Bwk  RoU 

Akhcie  VII 
Dues 

P'opcTly;  and  Ihiri,  ,,h"  1™"'^''  'ril« 

.h.s  shall  ^  tedul' 

Article  V'III 
Ct^MwoV  0/  Tribe 

^roalo^&T'  ^'"^     ^--^  ^  be  consid. 

Akhcle  IX 
L<ms 

"«ain,,.  (he  Slate'  as  wc  i   /Z"-?  l"''  " 

^  Dirds,  oi  to  disturb  their  nests 

T  O 


The  Bbeh'^Mfc  RoO 


or  eggs,  or  to  molest  squirrels.  (This  docs  not  apply 
to  creatures  doclared  ver-nin  by  law.) 

4.  Don't  make  a  dirty  camp.  Keep  the  woods  and 
streams  clean  by  burjing  all  garbage. 

5.  Don't  bring  firearms  of  any  kind  into  the  camps 
of  those  under  fourteen.  Bows  and  arrows  are  enough 
for  their  needs.    Never  point  a  weapon  at  any  one. 

6.  Keep  the  game  laws. 

7.  No  smoking  (for  those  under  eighteen). 

8.  No  firewater  in  camp. 

9.  Play  fair.  Cheating  in  the  games  or  record.s,  or 
wearing  honors  not  conferred  by  the  Council,  are 

crimes. 

10.  Word  of  honor  is  sacred. 

Punishments  are  meted  out  by  the  Chief  and  Council 
after  a  hearing  of  the  case.    They  consist  of,  — 
Exclusion  from  the  games  or  boats  for  a  time. 
Of  reduction  in  rank  or  of  fines. 
The  extreme  penalty  is  banishment  from  the  Tribe. 

ORDER  OF  DOINGS  IN  COUNCIL 

The  Head  Chief,  or  the  Herald  he  may  appoint, 
walks  arouncl  with  the  standard  announcing  that  a 
Council  is  to  be  held,  and  all  must  come  to  Council. 

Opening  Council. 

Roll-call. 

Tally  of  last  Council  and  Report  of  Tally  Chief. 

»3 


The  Bifch-Bttk  RoU 


Report  of  Wampum  Chief. 

Report  of  Scouts. 
Left-over  business. 
Complaints. 
Honors  awarded. 
New  Braves. 
New  business. 
Challenges,  etc. 

Social  doings,  songs,  dances,  stories. 
Closing  Council. 

TOTEM 

The  Totem  of  the  whole  nation  of  WcKxlcraft  Indians 
is  the  White  Buffalo  head,  symbolized  by  the  Horned 

White  Shield.  .  .... 

Each  band  needs  a  totem  of  its  own  m  addition. 
This  is  selected  by  the  Council,  and  should  be  some- 
thing easy  to  draw.  Each  brave  adds  a  pnvate  totem 
of  his  own,  usually  a  drawing  of  his  Indian  name. 

The  first  of  these  Tribes  took  as  its  totem  a  Blue 
Buffalo,  and  so  became  the  Blue  Buffalo  Band,  and 
Decrfoot,  the  Chief,  uses  the  Blue  Buffalo  totem  with 
his  own  added  underneath.  t  •  11 

Any  bird,  animal,  tree,  or  flower  will  do.  It  is  aU 
the  better  if  it  have  some  special  reason. 

One  Tribe  set  out  on  a  long  journey  to  look  for  a 
totem.    They  agreed  to  take  the  first  living  wild  thing 

14 


The  Btfch-BMk  RoU 


that  they  saw  and  knew  the  name  of.  They  travelled 
all  one  (lay  and  saw  nothinj?  to  suit,  bu'  next  day 
in  a  swamp  they  startled  a  Blue  Heron.  It  went 
ofT  with  a  harsh  en,'.  So  they  became  the  "  Blue 
Herons,"  and  adopted  as  a  war-cry  the  croak  of  the 
bird  and  its  name Hrrrrr  — Blue  Heron." 
Another  band  have  the  Wolf  totem.  Another,  the 
Flying  Eagle,  and  yet  another  the  Snapping  Turtle. 

TOTEM  POLE 

In  some  prominent  place  in  camp  is  set  up  the  Totem- 
polf*  This  bears  the  national  emblems,  tribal  totems, 
enemies'  scalps,  and  the  totems  of  warriors  who  have 
brought  honors  to  the  Tribe.  It  also  serves  as  a  notice 
board  and  carries  the  Sacred  Medicine  Scalp.  The 
board  below  is  supposed  to  be  the  skin  of  a  White 
Buffalo. 

The  big  shield  is  white  and  twenty  inches  across,  the 
horns  pale  Uue  and  each  twenty  inches  long.  The 
pole  is  twelve  feet  high  and  the  arms  four  and  one  half 
feet  across;  pole  and  arms  are  red.  This  is  the  same 
in  all  tribes.  The  smaller  shield  is  twelve  inches  across ; 
it  bears  the  tribal  colors  and  totems,  and,  of  course, 
varies  in  color  with  each  tribe.  The  skin  is  four  and 
one  half  feet  long  and  eighteen  inches  at  widest  place. 
It  is  dull  yellow  where  dotted,  but  the  circle  at  its  upper 
end  is  white;  in  the  middle  of  this  is  a  peg  on  which 

15 


The  Birch-Bark  Roll 


hangs  the  Medicine  Scalp;  the  wooden  feathers  arc 
white  with  black  tips.  If  made  smaller  it  should  keep 
these  same  proportions. 

INDIAN  NAMES 

Each  brave  aims  at  winning  a  name.  These  Indian 
names  are  a  sort  of  honorable  nickname  given  in 
recognition  of  some  exploit  or  personal  gift.  Thus 
Deerfoot  was  the  great  runner  and  Hawkeye  had  the 
sharp  eyes.  Killdeer  was  famous  in  our  deer  hunt,  as 
also  was  Decrslayer;  Gray- wolf  was  the  best  scout; 
Eel-scoat  was  the  one  who  sli])ped  through  the  enemies' 
lines  as  often  as  he  pleased ;  Little  Beaver  was  the  best 
worker;  Chicadee  was  the  smallest;  the  noisy  chatterer, 
forever  showing  off  without  doing  any  work,  was  called 
Bluejay;  Spycatcher  was  given  to  a  warrior  who  cap- 
tured a  Hostile  Spy  by  a  deed  of  unusual  daring;  one 
small  boy  whose  tears  were  ever  ready  to  flow  was 
named  Rain-in-the-Face,  and  an  awkward  brave  who 
upset  the  canoe  se\eral  times  was  called  Tippecanoe. 

When  a  brave  has  an  objectionable  nickname  he 
can  get  rid  of  it  by  doing  some  great  exploit.  The 
chief  then  writes  the  old  name  on  a  piece  of  birch  bark 
and  publicly  bums  it  in  the  camp-fire.  After  that  it  is 
forgolten;  no  one  may  use  or  mention  it.  Then  the 
warrior  is  given  his  new  name  of  honor.  I'he  following 
have  been  bestow td  as  distinctions:  — 

i6 


the  Bitch-Bark  RoU 


"Black Hawk,"  "Redjackct,"  "Wolverine," "Krag," 
"Mustang,"  "Bald  Eagle,"  "Big  Otter,"  "Karonawa" 
(the  runner),  "Speardeep,"  "Deerblinder,"  "Little 
Thunder,"  "Neverscare,"  "Strongheart,"  "Big  Moose," 
"Redarrow,"  " Manytongues,"  "Strongbow,"  "Eagle 
Eye,"  "Hawkeye,"  "Little  Beaver,"  etc. 

On  rare  occasions  the  name  is  an  inglorious  one. 
Thus  a  lazy  boy  was  called  "  Young-man-afraid-of-a- 
Shovcl,"  or  "Shovel"  for  short;  another  was  "Scare- 
cat,"  because  of  his  timidity,  but  they  can  get  rid  of 
them  as  soon  as  they  do  something  highly  creditable. 

When  the  Council  decides  that  a  bad  name  is  to  be 
dropped,  the  Chief  or  Medicine-man  writes  it  on  a  piece 
of  wood  or  bark.  Then,  making  a  speech  explaining 
the  circumstances,  he  bums  the  bark  in  the  Council 
Fire,  announcing  that  that  name  is  forgotten.  No  one 
must  mention  it  again  under  pain  of  punishment. 

When  a  new  name  is  given,  the  Chief  makes  a  speech 
as  before,  tells  of  the  exploit  and  announces  the  name. 
It  is  written  down  in  the  Tally;  then  each  Chief  and 
Councillor  comes  for\vard,  shakes  hands  with  the 
brave,  saying  "Bo-jou,  Nichy"  —  followed  by  the 
new  name. 

HEAD-BAND 

F^ach  brave  needs  a  head  band.  This  holds  his 
feathers  as  they  are  won,  and  his  scalp  is  fastened  to  it 
behind.   It  consists  of  a  strip  of  soft  leather,  long 

17 


I 
; 


The  Birch-Bark  RoU 

enough  to  go  around  the  head  and  overlap  by  t„o 
inches;  it  is  fastened  at  the  rear,  with  a  lace  through  \ 
the  four  holes,  like  the  lace  of  machine  belting.  A 
bead  pattern  ornaments  the  front  and  it  may  be  finished 
at  each  side  in  some  broader  design.  It  is  the  founda- 
tion for  the  war-bonnet  and  has  places  foi  twenty-four 
feathers  (two  eagle  tails). 

The  feathers  are  made  of  white  Pond-eagle*  quill 
feathers,  the  tip  dyed  dark  brown  or  black;  a  leather 
loop  is  lashed  lo  the  quill  end  of  each  ;o  fasten  it  on  to 
the  head-band.  Each  feather  stands  for  an  exploit 
and  is  awarded  by  the  Council.  (See  p.  45,  etc.)  An 
oval  of  paper  is  glued  on  near  the  high  end.  This  I 
bears  a  symbol  of  the  feat  it  commemorates.  If  it  was 
Grand  Coup  or  High  Honor,  the  feather  has  a  tuft 
of  red  horsehair  lashed  on  the  top. 

I 

WAR -BONNET 

As  e^ich  feather  is  won  it  is  fastened  in  the  head- 
band and  thus  forms  part  of  the  war-bonnet. 

The  feathers  are  held  in  place  on  the  band  by  a 
lace  through  the  bottom  loop  to  hold  them  to  the 
body  of  the  cap,  and  another  lace  around  them  higher  i 
up.   When  the  circle  is  complete  the  upper  lace  is 
not  needed;  instead  is  a  stout  thread  through  the 


*  Pond-eagle  —  white  goose  feathets  made  up  in  imitation  of 
eagle  feathers. 

18 


The  Birch-Bark  RoH 


middle  of  each  midrib,  stringing  them  together  and 
holding  them  the  right  distance  apart. 

The  war-bonnet  is  the  most  important  of  all  decora- 
tions. It  is  a  complete  record  of  the  owner's  exploits, 
as  well  as  a  splendid  ornament.  The  making  of  it  is 
fully  described  in  The  Ladies^  Hon,^  Journal  for 
July,  1902,  and  in  "Two  Little  Savages." 

BADGES 

One  cannot  always  wear  the  war-bonnet,  and  yet 
may  wish  to  wear  a  visible  record  of  his  rank.  To 
meet  this  need  we  have  a  badge  adapted  from  an  old 
Iroquois  silver  brooch. 

In  this  the  White  or  Silver  Buffalo  head  represents  the 
whole  nation.  The  owner  can  put  his  initials  on  the 
Buffalo's  forehead,  if  desired. 

To  pin  in  the  middle  is  the  real  Indian  style.  To 
fasten  the  brooch,  throw  back  the  pin,  work  a  pucker 
of  the  coat  through  the  opening  from  behind;  when  it 
sticks  out  far  enough  bend  it  to  one  side  and  pierce  it 
with  the  pin,  then  press  the  pin  down  and  work  the 
pucker  back  smooth.  This  can  never  work  loose  or 
get  lost. 

The  rank  of  the  wearer  is  thus  shown: — 
The  ordinary  brave  as  soon  as  admitted  wears  the 
simple  badge. 
Every  one  in  the  G}uncil  may  add  a  beard  to  the 

19 


The  Birch-Bark  Roll 


Buffalo,  using  silk,  wool,  or  thread  through  tht;  nos- 
trils. 

The  Head  Chief  wears  a  horned  sliicld.  On  the 
circle  of  the  shield  is  cngnivcd  the  totem  of  the  Tribe. 

The  horns  arc  worn  only  by  a  War  Chief.  The 
following  shows  their  importance: — 

"No  one  wears  the  headdress  surmounted  with 
horns  except  the  dignitaries  who  are  very  high  iii 
authority,  and  whose  exceeding  valor,  wortli,  and  power 
are  admitted  by  all  the  nation. 

"This  man  (Mah-to-toh-pa)  was  the  only  man  in 
the  nation  who  was  allowed  to  wear  the  horns,  and  all, 
I  found,  looked  upon  him  as  the  leader  who  had  the 
[)ower  to  lead  all  the  warriors  in  time  of  war."  (Cat- 
lin,  Vol.  I,  p.  103.) 

The  second  and  third  War  Chiefs  wear  the  same 
badge  as  the  first,  except  that  it  has  i,ne  lower  half  of 
the  shield  hidderi  with  a  lashing  of  coic  red  thread. 

The  Medicine-man's  badge  has  a  siiield  without 
horns. 

WAMPUM  MEDALS 

These  medals  are  made  of  very  beautiful  shells, 
flat  and  cut  in  t^  «  sizes,  the  largest  being  about  one 
inch  by  three  quarters  of  an  inch.  They  arc  engraved 
with  the  symbol  of  the  deed  for  which  given.  They 
make  decorations  for  the  coat,  the  head-band  or  neck- 
lace, etc.   They  are  awarded  according  to  the  stand- 

30 


The  Birch-Bark  Roll 

ards  for  coups  and  grand  coups  given  later.  They 
i  do  not  take  the  place  of  the  feathers,  but  repeat  the 

honor  in  another  form.  Thus  a  brave  may  wear 
boili  tiic  eagle  feather  and  the  wampum  medal  for 
one  feat. 

'  SCALPS 

Each  brave  wears  a  long  tuft  of  black  horsehair 
that  answers  as  his  scalp.  The  skin  of  this  should  be 
about  one  and  a  half  inches  across;  it  is  furnished  with 
a  cord  looj);  the  hair  is  as  long  as  possible.  This 
scalp  ;  -  [^resented  to  the  brave  on  entering  the  Tribe. 
i  After  he  has  promised  obedience  and  allegiance  and 

signed  the  roll,  the  Medicine-man  gives  it  to  him, 
saying: — 

"This  is  your  scalp.   Treasure  this  as  your  honor. 

I  You  may  lose  it  without  absolute  disgrace,  but  not 

without  some  humiliation." 

He  can  lose  it  only  in  an  important  competition, 
approved  by  the  Council,  in  which  he  stakes  his  scalp 
against  that  of  some  other  brave.  If  he  loses  he  sur- 
renders his  tuft  to  the  winner  and  goes  tuftless  until 
the  Council  thinks  pro[)er  to  give  him  a  new  scalp. 

i  But  he  never  gets  back  the  old  one,  which  remains 

the  property  of  the  winner  for  a  teepee  or  other 
decoration. 

The  brave  without  tuft  cannot  vote  or  sit  in  Coun- 
(  til  or  take  part  in  the  competitions. 

21 


The  Birch-Bark  Roll 


The  member  is  a  brave  till  he  has  taken  a  scalp, 
after  that  he  is  a  warrior. 

TEEPEES  AND  TENTS 

The  Indian  tccpec  has  the  advantage  of  picturesque- 
ncss,  also  of  comfort  in  cold  weather,  because  it  admits 
of  an  open  fire  inside.  It  has  the  disadvantages  of 
allowing  some  rain  to  enter  through  the  smoke-vent  in 
very  wet  weather.  A  twelve-foot  teepee  (needing  four- 
teen poles),  big  enough  for  half  a  dozen  boys,  can  be 
made  for  three  dollars,  plus  labor  (see  "Two  Little 
Savages"),  or  it  can  be  bought  ready  made  for  about 
thrice  that. 

There  is  one  great  evil  that  campers  should  beware 
of,  that  is  rheumatism.  But  none  need  suffer  if  they 
will  take  the  simple  precaution  of  changing  their  wet 
clothes  when  not  in  action  and  never  sleeping  directly 
on  the  ground.  A  vv'arm,  dry  place  for  the  bed  should 
be  prepared  in  every  tent  and  teepee. 

An  adapted  teepee  that  is  rain-proof  is  among 
those  now  on  the  market,  or  the  old-fashioned  teepee 
may  be  improved  with  a  three-foot  "bull  boat"  or 
storm-cap  of  canvas,  to  cover  the  ends  of  the  poles. 

Tents  of  any  good  kind  will  answer,  but  they  do 
not  admit  of  a  fire  within.  They  arc,  however,  excel- 
lent for  storage.  A  tent  painted  teepee-fashion  may 
be  made  very  picturesque. 

22 

TEEPEES 


The  Birch-BMfc  RoU 


The  Birch-Bark  RoU 


RKD—  AH  parts  marked  so :  llllllllll.  Smoke-flaps  and  all  tops  of  teepees, 
stem  of  pipe,  lower  lialf-circle  under  pipe,  middle  part  of  bowl,  wound 
oil  side  of  Elk,  blood  falllnK  f'l  o<>  trail;  Horse,  middle  Buffalo,  two 
inner  bars  of  pathway  up  back;  also  short,  dark  crossbars,  spot  on 
middle  of  two  door-hangers,  and  fringe  of  totem  at  top  of  pathway,  and 
two'  'ack  lines  on  doorway. 

yELI.OW  — All  parts  marked  so:  I  '.'  I-  I'pper  half-circle  under  pipe 
stem,  upper  half  of  each  feather  on  pipe ;  horseman  with  bridle,  saddle 
and  one  hindfnot  of  Horse;  the  laricesl  Buffalo,  the  outside  upright  of 
the  palhwav  ;  the  ground  colors  of  the  totem ;  the  spotted  crossbars  of 
pathway ;  the  four  MIchM  Dcxt  the  ground,  the  two  palcbeaovwdoor, 
and  the  rings  of  door-hanger.   

ORBEN  — All  parts  marked  so:  Bowl  of  pipe,  spot  over  it; 

feather  li^-*  of  same;  Elk,  first  Buffalo,  middle  line  on  each  side  path- 
way, and  around  tee|>ee  top;  two  dashol  crossbars  on  totem  and 
dsMiMl  crossbars  on  iMUhway ;  bar  on  wbicb  Hon*  walks;  lower  ctlgt 
Md  liM  c(  vou  on  upper  part  of  door. 


26 


The  Birch-Bark  RoU 


The  drawing  (p.  26)  shows  a  real  Sioux  teepee  ai 

present  in  my  collection. 

This  was  made  of  skins.  The  ground  color  was  of 
soft  gray;  the  design  in  pale  flat  tiiit.4  of  delicate  red, 
yellow,  and  green,  as  below.  No  other  outlines  were 
used. 

Putting  up  the  Teepee.  Drive  a  small  stake  in  the 
ground  where  the  centre  of  the  teepee  will  come,  and 
about  this  as  centre  mark  a  circle,  the  same  diameter  as 
the  tent.  For  a  twelve-foot  teepee,  a  twelve-foot  circle, 
etc. 

With  one  end  of  a  twenty-foot  rope  tie  together  three 
of  the  poles  at  a  point  as  high  as  the  top  of  the  canvas. 
Set  them  as  a  tripod,  their  ends  touching  the  edge  of 
the  circle.  Then  set  up  the  other  poles  (except  three, 
including  the  two  slender  ones)  for  the  frame  of  the 
teepee,  their  ends  on  the  circumference  c'  ,he  circle, 
their  tops  resting  in  the  angles  of  the  tripod.  Now 
With  I  he  loose  end  of  the  twenty-foot  rope  bind  all  the 
[)olcs  where  they  cross  by  walking  several  times  around 
the  frame  on  the  outside,  and  drawing  the  rope  tight 
as  you  go.  The  loose  end  may  be  left  hanging  down 
inside  for  an  anchor. 

Now  fasten  the  top  of  the  teepee  cover  to  one  of  the 
poles  left  over,  at  a  point  twelve  feet  up.  Raise  this 
into  its  place,  and  the  teepee  cover  with  it,  opposite 
whe*-"  the  door  is  to  be.  Carry  the  two  wings  of  the 
tent  around  till  they  overlap  and  fasten  together  with 

27 

TEEPEES 


The  Birch-Bark  Rolf 


the  lacing-pins.    Put  the  end  of  a  vent-pole  in  each  of 
the  vent-flap  pockets,  mitsidc  of  the  teepee.  Per 
down  the  edges  of  the  canvas  at  each  loop  if  a  storm 
IS  coming,  olhcn\'isc  a  feu  will  do.    Hang  the  door 
on  a  convenient  lacing-pin.    Drive  u  stout  stake  inside 
the  tiepir,  tie  the  anchor  rope  to  this  and  the  teepee  is 
ready  for  weather.    In  the  cci  tre  dig  a  hole  eighteen 
inches  wide  and  six  inches  deep  for  the  lire.   The  fire 
IS  the  great  advantage  of  the  teepee,  and  the  smoke  one 
ot  the  (hsadvaniages,  but  experience  will  show  how  to 
manage  this,    Keep  the  smoke-  vent  swung  down  wind, 
or  at  least  quartering  down.    Sometimes  you  must 
leave  the  door  a  little  open  or  raise  the  boitom  of  the 
teepee  cover  a  little  on  the  windward  side.    If  this 
makes  too  much  draft  on  your  back  stretch  a  piece  of 
canvas  between  two  or  three  of  the  poles  inside  the 
teepee,  m  front  of  the  opening  made,  a  ul  reaching  to 
the  ground.    This  is  alining  or  dew-cloth.    The  draft 
will  gp  up  behind  this. 

ART 

All  students  of  the  Indian  art 
are  satisfied  that  in  this  we  find 

the  beginnings  of  something 
that  n\'iy  develop  into  a  great 
and  original  school  of  decora- 
tion. Not  having  learned  their 
traditions,  conventions,  and 
inner  impulse,  we  believe  that 

28 


The  Birch-Bark  RoU 


at  present  we  shall  do  best  by  preserving  and  cloady 
copying  the  best  of  the  truly  native  productions. 

Therefore,  in  decorating  teepees,  etc.,  we  use  only 
literal  copies  of  the  good  Indian  vrotk, 

MUSIC 

We  cncourasje  musical  talent  as  much  as  possible. 
Around  the  nightly  camp-fire  songs  and  music  are  in 
great  demand.  The  drum  is  essential  also  for  the 
numerous  song-dances  and  song-plays. 

ARCHERY 

The  Tribe  riiould  own  a  Standard  Target,  that  is, 
four  feet  across,  circular,  made  of  straw,  with  a  thin 
oilcloth  cover,  marked  with  a  nine  and  six-tenths  inch 
centre  of  gold  (called  by  some  of  our  Tribes  "the 
Buffalo's  Eye");  outside  of  that  a  four  and  eight-tenths 
inch  band  of  red,  next  a  similar  band  of  blue,  next  of 
black,  next  of  white.  In  scoring,  the  gold  is  9,  the  red 
7,  the  blue  5,  the  black  3,  the  whhc  i.  The  shortest 
match  range  for  the  target  is  forty  yards.  If  it  is  a 
three-foot  target  the  match  range  is  reduced  to  tint*  r 
yards. 

A  target  can  be  made  of  a  burlap  sack  about  five 
feet  square.  This  should  be  stuffed  full  of  hay  or 
straw,  thjn  flattened  by  a  few  quilting  stitches  put 
right  through  with  a  long  packing  needle.  On  this 
the  target  is  painted  of  exact  right  size  and  color 

29 


The  Birch-Bark  RoU 


Each  brave  should  have  a  bow  that  pulls  from  ten 
pounds  up;  about  one  pound  for  each  year  of  his  age 
is  a  safe  guide  for  bo)  s  up  to  sixteen.  He  should  have 
at  least  six  arrows  and  a  quiver.  The  arrows  twenty- 
five  inches  long,  with  three  feathers,  cone-points  of 
steel  or  iron;  brass  points  are  useless.  A  guard  or 
bracer  for  the  left  wrist  is  needed,  and  most  boys  re- 
(|uire  a  glove  to  protect  the  fingers  of  the  right  hand. 

The  correct  way  to  slioot  with  a  bow  is  fully  set  forth 
in  "Two  Little  Savages." 

THE  GAMES 
Deer-Hunting 

The  Deer  Hunt  has  proved  one  of  our  most  successful 
games. 

The  Deer  is  a  dummy,  best  made  with  a  wire  frame, 
on  which  soft  hay  is  wrapi>cd  dll  it  is  of  proper  size  and 
shape,  then  all  Is  covered  with  open  burlap.  ^  A  few 
touches  of  while  and  black  make  it  very  realistic. 

If  time  does  not  admit  of  a  well-finished  Deer,  one 
can  be  made  of  a  sack  stuffed  with  hay,  decorated  at 
one  end  with  a  smaller  sack  for  head  and  neck,  and 
set  on  four  thin  sticks. 

The  side  of  the  Deer  is  marked  with  a  large  oval,  and 
over  the  heart  is  a  smaller  one. 

Bows  and  arrows  only  are  used  to  shoot  this  deer. 

A  pocket  full  of  corn,  peas,  or  other  large  grain  is 
now  needed  for  scent.   The  boy  who  is  the  Deer  foi 

30 


The  Birch-Bark  RoU 


the  first  hunt  takes  the  dummy  urn  -.r  his  ami  zn  \ 
runs  off,  getting  ten  minutes  start,  o  ".r,»ii  he  con  es 
and  shouts  "ready!"  He  leaves  a  trail  of  corn,  drop- 
ping two  or  three  grains  for  every  yard  and  nulling 
the  trail  as  crooked  as  he  likes,  playing  such  tricks 
as  a  Deer  would  do  to  baffle  his  pursuers.  Then  he 
hides  the  Deer  in  any  place  he  fancies,  but  not  among 
rocks  or  on  the  top  of  a  ridge,  because  in  one  case 
many  arrows  would  be  broken,  and  in  the  other,  lost. 

The  hunters  now  hunt  for  this  Deer  just  as  for  a 
roal  Deer,  either  following  the  trail  or  watching  the 
woods  ahead;  the  best  hunters  combine  the  two.  If 
at  any  time  the  trail  is  quite  lost  the  one  in  charge 
shouts  "Lost  Traill"  After  that  the  one  who  finds 
the  trail  scores  two.  Any  one  giving  a  false  alarm  by 
shouting  "Deer"  is  fined  five. 

Thus  they  go  till  some  one  finds  the  Deer.  He 
shouts  "Deer!"  and  scores  ten  for  finding  it.  The 
others  shout  "Second,"  "Third,"  etc.,  in  order  of  see- 
ing it,  but  they  do  not  score. 

The  fii.der  must  shoot  at  the  Deer  with  his  bow  and 
arrow  from  the  very  spot  whence  he  saw  it.  If  he 
misses,  the  second  hunter  may  step  up  five  paces, 
and  have  his  shot.  If  he  misses,  the  third  one  goes 
five,  and  so  on  till  some  one  hits  the  Deer,  or  until  the 
ten-yard  limit  is  reached.  If  the  finder  is  within 
ten  yards  on  sighting  the  Deer,  and  misses  his  shot,  the 
other  hunters  go  back  to  the  ten-yard  limit.   Once  the 


The  Bireh-Bark  RoU 


Deer  is  hit,  aU  the  shooting  must  be  from  the  exact 

spot  whence  the  successful  shot  was  fired. 

A  shot  in  the  big  oval  is  a  body  wound;  that  scores  pue. 
A  shot  outside  that  is  a  scratch;  that  scores  two.  A  shot 
in  the  small  oval  or  heart  is  a  heart  wound;  it  scores 
ten,  and  ends  the  hunt.  Arrows  which  do  not  stick  do 
not  count,  unless  it  can  be  proved  that  they  passed 
right  through,  in  which  case  they  take  the  highest 
score  that  they  pierced.  •     u   v.  ^ 

If  all  the  arrows  are  used  and  none  m  the  nean, 
the  Deer  escapes,  and  the  boy  who  was  Deer  scores 

twenty-jive.  .  r    »u  * 

The  one  who  found  the  dummy  is  Deer  for  the  next 
hunt.  A  clever  Deer  can  add  greatly  to  the  excite- 
ment of  the  game.  ,  .  r  j 

Originally  we  used  paper  for  scent,  but  found  it 
bad  It  Uttered  the  woods,  yesterdaN 's  trail  was  con- 
fused with  tnat  of  to-day,  etc.  Corn  proved  better, 
becaubo  the  birds  and  the  squirrels  kept  it  cleaned  up 
from  day  to  day,  and  thus  the  ground  was  always 
ready  for  a  fresh  start.  But  the  best  of  all  is  the 
hoof  mark  for  the  shoe.  These  iron  hoof  marks  are 
fast  to  a  pair  of  shoes,  and  leave  a  trail  much  like  a 
real  Deer.  This  has  several  advantages.  It  gives 
the  hunter  a  chance  to  tell  where  the  trail  doubled, 
and  which  way  the  Deer  was  going.  It  is  more  realis- 
tic, and  a  boy  who  can  follow  this  skilfully  can  follow 
a  Uving  Deer.   In  actual  practice  it  is  found  well  to 

32 


The  Birch-Bark  Roll 


use  a  Lttlc  com  with  this  on  the  hard  •  hccs,  a  plan 
quite  consistent  with  realism,  as  every  hunter  will 
recall. 

THE  BEAR  HUNT 


THE  HUNTING 


OR 

OF 


MISHI-MOKWA 


This  is  played  by  half  a  dozen  or  more  boys.  Each 
has  a  club  about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  base  ball 
club,  but  made  of  straw  tied  around  two  or  three 
switches  and  tightly  sewn  up  in  burlap. 

One  big  fellow  is  selected  for  the  Bear.  He  has  a 


school-bag  tightly  strapped  on  his  back,  and  in  that 
a  toy  balloon  fully  blown  up.  This  is  his  heart.  On 
his  neck  is  a  bear-claw  necklace  of  wooden  beads 
and  claws.    (See  cut.) 

33 


The  Birch-Bark  RoU 


He  has  three  dens  about  one  hundred  yards  apart 
in  a  triangle.  While  in  his  den  the  Bear  is  safe.  If 
the  den  is  a  tree  or  rock,  he  is  safe  while  touching  it. 
He  is  obliged  to  come  out  when  the  chief  hunter  counts 
loo,  and  must  go  the  rounds  of  the  three  till  the  hunt 
is  settled. 

The  object  of  the  hunters  is  to  break  the  balloon 
or  heart,  that  is,  kill  the  Bear.  He  must  drop  dead 
when  the  heart  bursts.  The  hunter  who  kills  him 
claims  the  necklace. 

But  the  Bear  also  has  a  club  for  defence.  Each 
hunter  must  wcu.r  a  hat,  and  once  the  Bear  knocks 
a  hunter's  hat  off,  thai  one  is  dead  and  out  of  this 
hunt.    He  must  drop  where  his  hat  falls. 

Tackling  of  any  kind  is  forbidden. 

The  Bear  wins  b/  killing  or  putting  to  flight  all 
the  hunters.    In  this  case  he  keeps  the  necklace. 

The  savageness  of  these  big  Bears  is  indescribable. 
Many  lives  are  lost  in  each  hunt,  and  it  has  several 
times  happened  that  the  whole  party  of  hunters  has 
been  exterminated  by  some  monster  of  unusual  ferocity. 

This  game  has  also  been  developed  into  a  play. 

SPEARING  THE  GREAT  STURGEON 

This  water  game  is  exceedingly  popular  and  is 
especially  good  for  public  exhibition,  being  spectacu- 
lar and  full  of  amusement  and  excitement. 

34 


The  Birch-Bark  Roll 


The  outfit  needed  is: — 

(1)  A  Sturgeon  roughly  formed  of  soft  wood;  it 
should  be  about  seven  feet  long  and  nearly  a  foot 
thick  at  the  head.  It  may  be  made  realistic,  or  a  small 
log  pointed  at  both  ends  will  serve. 

(2)  Two  spears  with  six-inch  steel  heads  and  wooden 
handles  (about  four  feet  long).  The  points  should  be 
sharp,  but  not  the  barbs.  Each  head  should  have  an 
eye  to  which  is  attached  twenty  feet  of  one-quarter 
inch  rope.  On  each  rope,  six  feet  from  the  spear- 
head, is  a  fathom-mark  made  by  tying  on  a  rag  or 
cord. 

(3)  Two  boats  with  crews.  Each  crew  consists 
of  a  Spearman,  who  is  captain,  and  one  or  two  oars- 
men or  paddlcrs,  of  which  the  after  one  is  the  pilot. 
All  should  be  expert  swimmerr  or  else  wear  life  belts 
during  the  game. 

The  Game.  Each  boat  has  a  base  or  harbor;  this 
is  a  given  part  of  shore  opposite  that  of  the  enemy. 
The  Sturgeon  is  left  by  the  Medicine-man's  canoe  at  a 
point  midway  between  the  bases.  At  the  word  " Go!" 
each  boat  leaves  its  base  and,  making  for  the  Sturgeon, 
tries  to  spear  it,  then  drag  it  by  the  line  to  his  base. 
When  both  get  their  spears  into  it  the  contest  becomes 
a  tug  of  war  until  one  of  the  spears  pulls  out. 

The  Sturgeon  is  landed  when  the  prow  of  the  boat 
that  has  it  in  tow  touches  its  proper  base,  even  though 
the  spear  of  the  enemy  is  then  in  the  fish;  or  it  is  landed 

35 


■^^/^/i//  /////  //jHfM 
Wjkt  fir  6a<Uct 


The  Bkch-Bark  RoU 


when  the  fish  itself  touches  base.  The  boats  change 

basos  after  each  heat. 

Matches  arc  usually  for  one,  three,  or  five  Sturgeon. 
Points  are  counted  only  for  the  landing  of  the  fish,  but 
the  Medicine  man  may  giv'«  the  decision  on  a  foul  or  a 
succession  of  fouls,  or  the  delin(iuent  may  be  set  back 
one  or  more  boat  lengths. 

Sometimes  the  game  is  played  in  canoes  or  boats, 
with  one  man  as  Spearman  and  crew. 

Rules.  It  is  not  allowed  to  push  the  Sturgeon  mto  a 
new  position  with  the  spear  or  paddle  before  strikmg. 

It  is  allowed  to  pull  the  Sturgeon  under  the  boat  or 
pass  it  around  by  using  the  hne  after  spearing. 

It  is  allowed  to  lay  hands  on  the  other  boat  to  prevent 
a  collision,  but  otherwise  it  is  forbidden  to  touch  the 
other  boat  t)r  crew  or  paddle  or  spear  or  line,  or  to  lay 
hands  on  the  fish,  or  to  touch  it  with  the  paddle  or  oar, 
or  touch  vour  own  spear  while  it  is  in  the  fish,  or  to  tic 
the  line  around  the  fish  excel  t  so  far  as  this  may  be 
accidentally  done  in  spearing. 

It  is  allon'cd  to  dislodge  the  enemy's  spear  by  throw- 
ing your  own  over  it.  The  purpose  of  the  barbs  is  to 
assist  in  this. 

It  /5  alloii'cd  to  run  onto  the  Sturgeon  witb  the  boat. 

It  is  absolutely  jorbidden  to  throw  over  (lie  other  boat 
or  over  the  heads  0}  your  crew. 

In  towing  the  Sturgeon  the  fathom-mark  must  be 
over  the  gunwale  —  at  least  si.x  feet  of  fine  should  be 

36 


The  Bifch-Bark  Roll 


out  when  the  fish  is  in  tow.  It  is  not  a  foul  to  have 
less,  but  the  Spearman  must  at  once  let  it  out  if  the 
umpire  or  the  other  crew  cries  "  fathom  1" 

The  Spearman  is  allowed  to  drop  the  spear  and  use 
the  paddle  or  oar  at  will,  but  not  to  resign  his  spear  to 
another  of  the  crew.  The  Spearman  must  be  in  his 
boat  when  the  spear  is  thrown. 

If  a  boat  is  upset  the  Medicine-man's  canoe  helps 
them  to  right. 

Each  crew  must  accept  the  backset  of  its  acadents. 

TILTING  IN  THE  WATER 

For  this  we  usually  have  two  boats  or  war  canoes 
manned  by  four  men  each.  These  are  a  Spearman, 
who  is  also  Captain,  a  Pilot,  and  two  Oarsmen. 

The  Spearman  is  armed  with  a  light  pole  or  bamboo 
twelve  feet  long,  with  a  soft  pad  on  the  end.  Some- 
times this  is  further  provided  with  a  hook.  This  is  a 
forked  branch  with  limbs  a  foot  long;  one  is  lashed  to 
the  bamboo,  the  other  projecting  out  a  foot,  and 
slightly  backward.  The  end  of  the  spear  and  the  fork 
are  now  thoroughly  padded  with  burlap  to  the  shape 
of  a  Duck's  head  and  bill.  And  it  is  all  the  better  if 
cased  in  waterproof,  as  this  keeps  it  from  getting  wet 
and  heavy.  The  object  of  the  hook  is  to  change 
suddenly  from  pushing,  and  to  pull  the  enemy  by 
hooking  round  his  neck.    Each  boat  should  have  a 

37 


The  Bhrch-Bark  Roll 

quarter-deck  or  raised  platform  at  one  end,  on  which 
the  Spearman  stands. 

The  battle  is  fought  in  rounds  and  by  points. 

To  put  your  opponent  back  into  the  canoe  with  one 
foot  counts  you  5;  two  feet,  10.  If  he  loses  his  spear 
you  count  5  (excepting  when  he  is  put  overboard). 


Hfac<  of  Jilting  S/if^r, 


If  you  put  him  down  on  one  knee  on  the  fighting  deck, 
you  count  5 ;  two  knees,  10.  If  you  put  him  overboard 
It  counts  25.   One  hundred  points  is  a  round. 

A  battle  is  for  one  or  more  rounds,  as  agreed  on. 

It  is  forbidden  to  hook  or  strike  below  the  belt. 

The  umpire  may  dock  for  fouls. 

CANOE  TAG 

Any  number  of  canoes  or  boats  may  engage  in  this. 
A  rubber  cushion,  a  hot-water  bag  fuU  of  air,  any  rubber 

38 


The  Birch-Bark  Roll 


football,  or  a  cotton  bag  with  a  lot  of  corks  in  it,  is 
needed.   The  game  is  to  tag  the  other  canoe  by  throw- 
ing this  in/0  it. 
The  rules  are  as  in  ordinary  cross-tag. 

SCOUTING 

Scouts  are  sent  out  in  pairs  or  singly.  A  number  of 
points  are  marked  on  the  map  at  equal  distances  from 
camp,  and  the  scouts  draw  straws  to  sec  who  goes 
where.  If  one  place  is  obviously  hard,  the  scout  is 
allowed  a  fair  number  of  points  as  handicap.  All  set 
out  at  same  time,  go  direct,  and  return  as  soon  as 
possible. 

Points  arc  thus  allowed :  — 

Last  back,  zero  for  travelling. 

The  others  count  one  for  each  minute  they  are  ahead 
of  the  last. 

Points  up  to  loo  are  allowed  for  their  story  on  return. 

Sometimes  we  allow  lo  points  for  each  Turtle  they 
bring  back;  lo  for  each  Owl  seen  and  properly  named; 
5  for  each  Hawk,  and  i  each  for  other  wild  birds;  also 
2  for  a  Cat;  i  for  a  Dog. 

Nc  information  is  given  the  scout;  he  is  told  to  go 
to  sui  I  a  point  and  do  so  and  so,  but  is  fined  points  if 
he  hesitates  or  asks  how  or  why,  etc. 


39 


The  Birch-Bark  Roll 


POLE  STAR 

Each  competitor  is  given  a  long,  straight  stick,  in 
daytime,  and  told  to  lay  it  due  north  and  south.  In 
doing  this  he  may  guide  himself  by  sun,  moss,  or  any- 
thing he  can  find  in  nature, — anything,  indeed,  except 
a  compass. 

The  direction  is  checked  by  a  good  compass  corrected 
for  the  locality.    The  one  who  comes  nearest  wins. 

It  is  optional  with  the  judges  whether  the  use  of  a 
time-piece  is  to  be  allowed. 

THE  GAME  OF  QUICKSIGHT 

Make  two  boards  about  a  foot  square,  divide  each 
into  twenty-tlve  squares;  ten  nuts  and  ten  pebbles. 
Give  to  one  player  one     ,fd,  five  nuts,  and  five  peb- 


m 

• 

• 

® 

© 

9 

• 

QvicK^i^/it  G&me  ©  Q     O  O 

40 


The  Bitch-Bark  RoU 


bles.  He  places  these  on  the  squares  in  any  pattern  he 
fancies,  and  when  ready  the  other  player  is  allowed  to 
see  it  for  five  seconds.   Then  it  is  covered  up,  and  from 

the  memory  of  what  he  saw  the  second  player  must 
reproduce  the  pattern  on  his  own  board.  He  counts 
one  for  each  that  was  right,  and  takes  off  one  for  each 
that  was  wrong.   They  lake  turn  and  turn  about. 

This  game  is  a  wonderful  developer  of  the  power  to 
see  and  memorize  quickly. 

FAR-SIGHT,  OR  SPOT-THE-RABBIT 

Take  two  six-inch  squares  of  stiff  white  pasteboard 
or  whitened  wood.  On  each  of  these  draw  an  outUne 
Rabbit,  one  an  exact  duplicate  of  the  other.  Make 
twenty  round  black  wafers  or  spots,  each  half  an  inch 
across.  Let  one  player  stick  a  few  of  these  on  one 
Rabbit-board  and  set  it  up  in  full  light.  The  other, 
beginning  at  one  hundred  yards,  draws  near  till  he  can 
see  the  spots  well  enough  to  reproduce  the  pattern  on 
the  other  which  he  carries.  If  he  ran  do  it  at  seventy- 
five  yards  he  has  wonderful  eyes.  Down  even  to  seventy 
he  counts  grand  coup;  from  seventy  to  sixty  counts 
coup.   Below  ♦hat  does  not  count  at  all. 

RABBIT  HUNT 

The  game  of  Rabbit-hunting  is  suited  for  two  hunters 
in  limited  grounds. 

41 


The  Birch-Bark  RoU 


Three  little  sacks  of  brown  burlap,  each  about 
eight  inches  by  twelve,  are  stuffed  with  hay. 

At  any  given  place  in  the  woods  the  two  hunti  rs 
stand  in  a  ton-fool  circle  with  their  bows  and  arrows. 
One  boy  is  blind-folded;  the  other,  without  leaving  the 
drclc,  throws  the  Rabbits  into  good  hiding  places  on 
the  ground.  Then  the  second  hunter  has  to  find  the 
Rabbits  and  shoot  them  without  leaving  the  circle. 
The  lowest  number  of  points  wins,  as  in  Golf.  If 
the  hunter  has  to  leave  the  circle  he  gets  one  point 
for  every  step  he  takes  outside.  After  he  sees  the 
Rabbit  he  must  keep  to  that  spot  and  shoot  till  it  is 
hit  once.  One  shot  kills  it,  no  matter  where  struck. 
For  every  shot  he  misses  he  gets  five  points. 

After  his  first  shot  at  each  Rabbit  the  hider  takes 
alternate  shots  with  him. 

If  it  is  the  hider  who  kills  the  Rabbit,  the  hunter 
adds  ten  points  to  his  score.  If  the  hunter  hits  it, 
he  takes  ten  ofT  his  score. 

If  the  hunter  fails  to  find  all  the  Rabbits  he  scores 
twenty-five  for  each  one  he  gives  up. 

The  hider  cannot  score  at  all.  He  can  only  help 
his  friend  into  trouble.  Next  time  the  two  change 
places. 

A  match  is  usually  for  two  brace  of  Rabbits. 


42 


The  Krch-BMk  RoU 


HOSTILE  SPY 

Hanging  from  the  Totem- pole  is  a  red  or  yellow 
horsetail.  This  is  the  (irancl  Medicine  Scalp  of  the 
Tribe.  The  Hostile  Spy  has  to  steal  it.  The  Medi- 
cinc-man  goes  around  on  the  morning  of  the  day  and 
whispers  to  various  braves,  "Look  out  —  there's  a 
spy  in  camp."  At  length  he  gets  secretly  near  the 
one  he  has  selected  for  Spy  and  whispers,  "Look 
out,  there's  a  spy  in  camp,  and  you  are  it.''  He  gives 
him  at  the  same  time  some  brigh« -colored  badge,  that 
lie  must  wear  as  soon  as  he  has  ai  iired  inc  Medicine 
Scalp.  He  must  not  hide  the  scalp  on  liis  person,  but 
keep  it  in  view.  He  has  all  day  till  sunset  to  get 
away  with  it.  If  he  gets  across  the  river  or  other 
limit,  with  warriors  in  close  pursuit,  they  give  him  ten 
arrowheads  (two  and  one  half  cents  each),  or  other 
ransom  agreed  on.  If  he  gets  away  safely  and  hides 
it,  he  can  come  back  and  claim  fifteen  arrow-heads 
from  the  Council  as  ransom  for  the  scalp.  If  he  is 
caught  he  pays  his  captor  ten  arrow-heads  ransom 
for  his  life. 

THE  MAN  HUNT 

This  is  played  with  a  Scout  and  ten  or  more  Hostiles, 
or  hounds,  according  to  the  country,  more  when  it  is 
rough  or  wooded. 

The  Scout  is  given  a  letter  addressed  to  the  "Mili- 

43 


The  Bifch-Baf fc  Roll 


tary  Commandant"*  of  any  given  place  a  mile  or  two 
away.  He  is  told  to  take  the  letter  to  any  one  of  three 
given  houses,  and  get  it  endorsed,  with  the  hour  when 
he  arrived,  then  return  to  the  starting  point  within  a 
certain  4ime. 

The  Hostiles  are  sent  to  a  point  half  way,  and  let  go 

by  a  starter  at  the  same  lime  as  the  Scout  leaves  the 
Camp.    They  are  to  intercept  him. 

If  they  catch  him  before  he  delivers  the  letter  he 
must  ransom  his  life  by  paying  each  two  arrow-heads 
(or  other  forfeit)  and  his  captor  keeps  the  letter  as  a 
trophy  If  he  gets  through,  but  is  caught  on  the  road 
back,  he  pays  half  as  much  for  his  life.  If  he  gets 
through,  but  is  over  time,  it  is  a  draw.  If  he  gets 
through  successfully  on  time  he  claims  three  arrow- 
heads from  each  Hostae  and  keeps  the  letter  as  a 
trophy. 

They  may  not  follow  him  into  the  house  (that  is, 
the  Fort),  but  may  surround  it  at  one  hundred  yaids 
distance,  or  nearer  if  they  do  not  show  themselves. 
They  do  not  know  which  three  houses  he  is  free  to 
enter,  but  they  do  know  that  these  are  within  certain 
narrow  limits. 

The  Scout  should  wear  a  conspicuous  badge  (hat, 
shirt,  coat,  or  feather,)  and  may  ride  a  wheel  or  go  in 
a  wagon  etc.,  as  long  as  his  badge  is  clearly  visible. 

•The  "Military  Commandant"  is  usuafly  the  lady  of  the  house 


44 


The  Birch-Bark  ^< 


To  "tag"  the  Scout  is  not  to  capture.  "The  block- 
ade to  be  binding  must  be  effectual." 

A  LIST  OF  EXPLOITS  OR  COUPS  THAT  EN- 
TITLE THE  BRAVE  TO  A  DECORATION 

These  exploits  are  intended  to  distinguish  those 
braves  who  are  first  class  in  their  department  and 
those  who  are  so  good  that  they  may  be  considered  in 
the  record-making  class.  They  may  be  called  Honors 
and  High  Honors,  but  the  Plains  Indians  speak  of 
their  exploits  as  Coup  (pronounced  coo)  and  Grand 
Coup.  The  Sioux,  I  am  informed,  use  the  French 
word  coup,  but  call  them  "Jus-tee-na  coo"  and  "  Tonka 
coo,"  the  "Little  Deed,"  and  the  "Big  Deed." 

The  decoration  for  a  Coup  or  Honor  is  a  Pond-eagle 
feather  for  the  war-bonnet,  or  a  wampum  medal  for 
the  coat,  or  both. 

For  the  High  Honor  or  Grand  Coup  the  Pond- 
eagle  feather  has  a  red  tuft  of  horsehair  on  the  top,  and 
the  wampum  medal  is  of  double  size  with  a  circle 
around  the  symbol. 

No  one  can  count  both  Coup  and  Grand  Coup,  or 
repeat  their  honor  in  the  same  department,  except  for 
Heroism,  Mountain-climbing,  and  others  that  are 
specified  as  "  repeaters,"  in  which  each  honor  is  added 
to  that  previously  worn. 

No  honors  are  conferred  unless  the  exploit  has  been 

45 


The  Birch-Bark  RoH 

properly  witnessed  or  proven,  as  though  for  the  Cen- 
tury  Bar  of  the  L.  A.  W.  Honors  are  allowed  accord- 
ing to  the  standard  of  the  year  in  which  the  application 

was  made.  ,     ,      ,  <. 

An  honor  once  won  can  never  be  lost  for  subsequent 

failure  to  reach  the  standard. 
Except  when  otherwise  stated  the  exploits  arc  ineant 

for  all  ages.  ,     ,  u 

Any  brave  making  Coup  according  to  the  class  above 
hun  may  count  it  a  Grand  Coup  in  his  own  class, 
unless  otherwise  provided. 

SACHEMS  AND  SAGAMORES 

Those  with  12  Coups  are  Sub-Sachems. 
Those  who  have  won  24  Coups,  that  is,  who  have 
completed  the  circle  of  feathe-  in  their  headdress, 

are  Sachems.  ,  o  , 

Those  with  24  Grand  Coups  are  Grand  Sachems. 

Those  with  48  Coups,  that  is,  who  have  completed 
both  circle  and  tail  of  the  headdress,  are  Sagamores. 

Those  with  48  Grand  Coups  are  Grand  Sagamores. 

All  of  these  except  the  Sub-Sachems  are  entitled  to 
sit  in  the  Council  without  election. 

They  are  Red,  White,  or  Blue  Sagamores  or  Sachems, 
according  to  the  class  in  which  they  have  won  most 
honors,  and  they  rank  in  the  order  here  given. 


46 


The  Birch-Batk  RoU 

CLASS  I.  RED  HONORS 
HEROISM 

1.  Honors  are  allowed  for  saving  a  human  life  at  risk 
of  one's  own;  it  is  a  coup  m  grand  coup,  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  Council. 

2.  A  soldier's  war  medals  count  for  a  grand  coup 

each. 

3.  Courage.  The  measure  of  courage  has  not  yet 
been  discovered. 


CLASS  IL   WHITE  HONORS 
CAMPERCRAFT 

4.  Come  to  camp  through  strange  woods  from  a 
point  one  mile  ofiF  and  return  in  30  minutes,  for  coup; 
in  20  for  grand  coup. 

5.  Light  15  camp  fires  in  succession  with  15  matches, 
all  at  different  places,  all  with  stuff  found  in  the  woods 
by  the  boy  himself,  one  at  least  to  be  on  a  wet  day,  for 
coup;  if  all  15  are  done  on  wet  days,  or  if  he  does  30, 
of  which  two  are  on  wet  days,  it  counts  grand  coup. 

6.  Light  a  fire  with  fire  drill  or  rubbing  sticks,  with 
material  of  one's  own  gathering,  counts  a  coup;  to  do 
it  in  one  minute  counts  a  grand  coup. 

7.  To  chop  down  three  6-inch  trees  in  succession 
in  60  seconds  each,  throwing  them  to  drive  each  a 
given  stake,  coup;  in  45  seconds  each,  grand  coup. 

47 


The  Birch^k  RoU 


8.  Know  and  name  15  star  groups,  for  coup;  know 
20  star  groups  and  tell  the  names  and  something  about 
at  least  one  star  in  each,  for  grand  coup. 

9.  Take  the  latitude  from  the  stars  at  night  with  a 
cartwheel,  or  some  home-made  instrument,  three  times 
from  different  points,  within  two  degrees  of  average 
error,  for  coup;  one  degree  for  grand  coup. 

10.  To  measure  the  height  of  10  trees  without  climb- 
ing, or  10  distances  across  a  river,  etc.,  without  cross- 
ing, within  10  per  cent  of  average  error,  for  coup; 
5  per  cent  for  grand  coup.  Tools,  an  axe  and  a 
pocket  rule  only. 

11.  To  guess  one  inch,  one  foot,  one  yard,  one  rod, 
one  acre,  loo  yards,  200  yards,  one-quarter  mile,  one- 
half  mile,  and  a  mile,  within  20  per  cent  of  average 
error,  for  coup;  10  per  cent  for  grand  coup. 

12.  To  guess  the  height  of  10  trees  or  other  high 
things,  and  the  weight  of  10  stones  or  other  things  rang- 
ing from  one  ounce  to  100  pounds,  within  10  per  cent 
of  average  error,  for  coup;  5  per  coit  for  grand  coup. 

13.  Camper.  A  coup  for  passing  30  successive  days 
out  of  doors,  never  once  sleeping  under  shingles,  but 
in  tent,  teepee,  or  bivouac,  every  night.  A  grand 
coup  for  60  days  of  the  same. 

14.  Lone  tramper.  A  coup  for  travelling  alone  on 
foot,  100  miles,  carrying  one's  outfit,  sleeping  out  every 
night;  a  grand  coup  for  200  miles. 

15.  Gang-tramper.   A  coup  for  travelling  150  miles 

48 


The  BiKh-Bark  Roll 


on  foot  with  a  party,  carrying  one's  own  outfit,  aleq>ing 
out  every  night;  a  grand  coup  for  250  miles. 

16.  Traveller.  A  grand  coup  for  having  passed  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society's  examination  of  "expert 

traveller." 

17.  Arctic  traveller.  A  coup  for  entering  the  Arctic 
circle  by  sea;  a  grand  coup  by  land. 

18.  Tropic  traveller,  A  coup  for  crossing  the  equator 
by  sea  or  rail;  a  grand  coup  on  foot. 

19.  Red  Cross.  A  giand  coup  for  having  passed 
the  Red  Cross  examination  of  first  aid  to  the  wounded. 

20.  Boat-builder.  Build  a  boat  that  will  carry  two 
men  and  that  can  be  paddled,  rowed  or  sailed  by  them 
6  miles  an  hour,  coup;  7  miles  an  hour,  grand  coup. 

21.  To  have  made  a  birch  canoe  that  has  travelled, 
with  at  least  one  man  aboard,  100  miles  or  more  in 
safety,  grand  coup. 

22.  Expert  canoeman.  A  coup  is  allowed  to  those 
who  can  paddle  (single)  a  canoe  on  dead  water,  make 
their  canoe  coup  (see  No.  68),  opill  the  canoe  and  get 
into  her  again,  and  bale  her  alone;  a  grand  coup  when 
they  make  their  canoe  coup,  spill,  right,  and  bale  the 
canoe  alone,  three  times  in  succession,  and  have  run 
a  rapid  that  falls  six  feet  in  200  yards. 

23.  In  sign-talking,  to  know  and  use  correctly  50 
signs,  for  coup;  100  signs,  grand  coup. 

24.  Knots.  To  make  20  different  standard  knots 
in  a  rope,  for  coup;  30  for  grand  coup. 

49 


The  Birch.Bark  Rob 


25.  Tread  a  sawlog  100  yards  in  any  time,  without 
going  overboard,  for  coup;  do  it  100  yards  and  back 
u  30  minutes  for  grand  coup. 


FISHING 

(Outdoors) 

By  Dr.  Henry  Van  Dyke,  author  oj  LitUe  Rivers, 
Fisherman's  Luck,  Etc. 

BOYS  AKE  THOSE  UNDEl  14;  LADS,  14  TO  18;  MEN, 

OVEK  18. 

26.  Boys:  Tomake  a  6-foot  leader  of  clean  gut,  with 
smooth  knots,  to  stand  a  strain  of  5  lbs.,  coup.  To 
tie  6  diflFerent  flies,  of  regular  patterns,  on  number  8-12 
hooks,  and  take  trout  with  each  of  them,  by  daylight 
casting,  m  clear  water,  grand  coup.  Lads:  Tomake 
a  bait  rod  of  3  joints,  straight  and  sound,  14  oz.  or 
less  m  weight,  10  feet  or  less  in  length,  to  stand  a 
stram  of  ij  lbs.  at  the  tip,  13  lbs.  at  the  grip,  coup. 
To  make  a  jointed  fiy-rod  8-10  feet  long,  4-6  02s.  in 
weight,  capable  of  casting  a  fly  60  feet,  grand  coup. 
^  27.  Boys  and  Lads:  To  take  with  the  fly,  unas- 
sisted, a  3-lb.  trout  or  black  bass,  on  a  rod  not  more 
than  5  oz.  in  weight,  coup.  To  take  a  5-lb.  trout  or 
black  bass  or  a  4-lb.  landlocked  salmon  under  the 
same  conditions,  grand  coup. 

28.  Boys  and  Lads:  To  take  on  a  rod,  without 

50 


The  Bifch-Batk  Rott 


assistance  in  hooking,  playing,  or  landing,  a  trout, 
black  bass,  pike,  muscallonge,  grayling,  salmon,  blue- 
fish,  weakfish,  striped  bass,  kingfish,  sheepshead,  or 
other  game  fish,  whose  weight  in  pounds  equak  or  ex- 
ceeds that  of  the  rod  in  ounces,  coup.  To  take,  under 
the  same  conditions,  a  game  fish  over  20  lbs.,  grand 
coup. 

Men:  To  hook  and  land  with  the  fly,  unassisted, 
without  net  or  gaff,  a  trout  or  landlocked  salmon  over 
4  lbs.  or  a  salmon  over  12  lbs.,  coup.  To  take,  under 
the  same  conditions,  a  salmon  over  25  lbs.,  grand  coup. 

29.  Indoor  Fly-Casting.  Boys:  To  cast  a  fly  with 
a  rod  of  5  oz.  less,  not  over  10  feet  bng,  40  feet, 
coup;  55  feet,  grand  coup.  Lads:  65  feet,  coup; 
80  feet,  grand  coup.  Men:  80  feet,  coup;  95  feet, 
grand  coup. 

BAIT-CASTING 
Revised  by  Mr.  L.  S.  Darting,  of  New  York. 

30.  With  1-oz.  dummy  frog,  5-foot  rod,  indoors, 
overhead  casting,  tournament  style: — 

Boy  class,  60  feet  for  coup ;  70  feet  for  grand  coup 
Lad   "    80  "    "    "       90  "   "    "  " 
Man  "  100  «    "    "     120  "  "    "  " 
If  out  of  doors,  add  xo  per  cmt  to  each  of  the  disr- 
tances. 

RIDING,  ETC.,  TO  THE  END  OF  ATHLETICS 
ARE  RED  HONORS 

31.  To  ride  a  horse  one  mile  in  three  minutes, 
clearing  a  4-foot  hurdle  and  an  8-foot  water-jiunp, 


The  Birch-Bark  RoU 


counts  coup;  to  do  it  in  two  minutes,  clearing  a  5-foot 
hurdle  and  a  12-foot  water-jump,  grand  coup. 

33.  Trick-riding.  To  pick  up  oat*»  hat  nom  the 
ground  while  at  full  gallop  on  a  horse  ol  not  less  than 
13  hands  coimts  coup. 

To  do  it  three  times  without  failure,  from  each  side, 
with  horse  of  at  least  15  hands,  counts  grand  coup. 

33.  To  catch  10  horses  or  cattle  in  corral,  with 
10  throws  of  the  lasso,  counts  coup;  to  catch  10  on 
the  range  in  10  throws  counts  a  grand  coup. 

33a.  To  catch  a  horse  or  beef  by  each  of  his  four 
feet  in  four  successive  throws,  grand  coup. 

34.  Diamond  hitch.  Pack  a  horse  with  not  less  than 
100  pounds  of  stuff,  with  diamond  hitch,  to  hold  during 
eight  hours  of  travel,  coup.  Ten  days  in  succession,  a 
grand  coup. 

SHOOTING 

(Open  to  men  only) 

35.  Revolver-Shot.  Target  4  x  4  feet.  Bull's-eye  8 
inches  (counts  4  points).  Inner  ring  2  feet  (3  points). 
Outer,  the  rest  of  target  (a  pomts). 

Distance,  30  yards. 
96  shots  divided  in  any  number  up  to  six  days,  one 
hand,  standing: — 

250  pomts  count  coup;  300,  grand  coup. 
3Sa.  Half  with  left  hand  only;  half  with  right  only: 

—  230  points,  coup;  260,  grand  coup. 

5a 


The  Bifch-Bark  Rott 

36.  Rifleman  *  To  be  a  marksman  according  to 
militia  standaids,  a  coup;  to  be  sharpshooter,  a  grand 
coup. 

ARCHERY 

Revised  by  Mr.  WiU  H.  Thompson,  of  SeaUk,  Wash. 

37.  Make  a  total  score  of  300  with  60  shots  (in  one 
or^wo  meets),  4-foot  target  at  40  yards  (or  3-foot 
target  at  30  yards),  for  coup;  make  400  for  grand  coup. 

38.  Shoot  so  fast  and  far  as  to  have  6  anows  m  the 
air  at  once,  for  coup;  7,  for  grand  coup.  (Accordhig 
to  Catlin  the  record  is  8.) 

39.  For  boys  (10  to  14),  to  send  an  arrow  100  yards, 

coup;  135,  g«nd  ^° 

an  arrow  ^25  yards,  coup;  150,  grand  coup.    For  men 

(over  18),  to  send  an  arrow  200  yards,  coup;  250, 

grand  coup.  .     .    .    _^  r  * 

40.  To  hit  the  Burlap  Deer  m  the  heart,  first 

shot: —  ,  J 

For  boys  at  45  yards,  coup;  55  yards,  grand  coup 

"  lads  "  60   «       "     70  " 

«  men"  75   "      "    ^5   "  " 
(The  heart  is  9  inches  across.) 

*  Everything  that  can  be  said  in  favor  of  fireams  for  use  "»  gen"?^ 
sport  appUes  to  the  rifle  only  (and  its  understudy  the  revolver).  The 
Satter^  has  no  official  existence  for  us.  It  is  ruinaUpn  toAe 
marksiS^s  power  and  should  be  aboUshed.  A  nfle  range  »»d^ 
able  adjunct  of  all  grown-iq»cMiq».  Honon  •»  awmided  waxwdtt^ 
to  the  anny  studarda. 

53 


The  Birch-BMk  Roll 


41.     MOUNTAIN-CLIMBING  (AU  afoot) 

(Not  open  to  boys,  ijt.,  those  under  14) 

The  exploits  in  this  class  arc  repeaters. 


Fo«  Lads  (Under  18). 
COUP:  — 

In  Great  Britain:  Ben  Macdhuic; 
Ben  Nevis;  Ben  Lomond;  Ben 
Cruachan;  Snowdon;  Hcl- 
vellyn. 

In  Europe:  Vesuvius. 

In  North  America:  Mt.  Wash- 
ington; Electric  Peak,  Wyo. 


GRAND  COUP:— 

In  Europe:   Mt.  Blanc;  Breit- 

horn:  Etna. 
In  North  America:  Pike'aPtoak; 

Shasta;  Adams. 
In  Asia:    Fujiyama;  Tabor. 
This  expltut  is  a  repeater. 


For  All  Over  18. 
COUP:  — 

In  Europe:   Mt  Blanc;  Monte 
Rosa;  Breithom;  Monte  Viao; 

Etna. 

In  North  America:   St.  Helen's; 

Adams;  ShaaU;  Hood;Rai^. 
In  Africa:  Teneiiffr. 


GRAND  COUP:  — 
In  Europe:   Matterhom;  Wet- 
terhom;  Aig.  Verte;  M%.  du 
Dru;  Aig.  du  Geant;  Point  des 
Ecrins;  Ortler-Spitze. 
In  South  America:  Chimboiazo; 

Cotopaxi;  Illimani;  Aconcagua. 
In   Asia:    Everest*;  KinAiw- 

jun^*;  Ararat. 
In  Africa:  Kilimandjaro. 
This  exploit  is  a  repeater. 

Other  mountains  will  be  added  later. 

EYESIGHT 

42.  To  spot  the  Rabbit  three  times  at  60  yards,  or 
to  distinguish  and  map  out  correctly  six  Pleiades  and 
see  clearly  the  "Pappoose  (Alcor)  on  the  Squaw's 
CMizar)  back,"  counts  a  coup;  to  spot  the  Rabbit 
three  times  at  70  yards  and  see  seven  Pleiades  and 

•  Means  "not  yet  climbed."  The  firet  one  to  climb  a  standard 
peak  gets  double  honors;  one  for  climb,  one  for  first  dimb. 

54 


The  Kfch-BMk  Rott 


the  Pappoosc  counts  a  far-sight  grand  coup.  (Those 
who  habitually  wear  glasses  may  use  them  in  this  test.) 
Sec  Far-sight  among  the  games,  p.  41. 

43.  To  make  a  75  score  in  ten  tries  in  the  game 
of  Quicksight,  with  ten  counters,  counts  coup;  a  95 
score  counts  a  grand  coup.  (See  Quicksight  among  the 
games,  p.  40.) 

ATHLFHCS 


NMvVorkPMc 


roi  TBMC  OMon  14.* 


44.  Coup:  Walk  3J 
measured  miles  in  i  hr. 
(heel  and  toe). 

Grand  Coup:  4  miles 

45.  Coup:  Walk  i 
mile  in  4  m. 

Gimnd  Coup:  |  mile 


lOa  THOSX  OVEB  I4 
1*. 


Coup:  4}  nfin  in 
1  hr. 

Grand  Coop:  sm 

Coup:  I  mik  in  3 
m. 

Grand  Coup: 
mile  in  a}  m. 


46.  Coup 
mile  in  13  m. 
Grand  Coup 


Walk 


mile 


m  II  m. 


Coup:  1 
10  m. 

Grand  Coup: 
mile  in  9}  m. 


KW  TBOBX  ovn  18. 


Coup:  si  miles. 
Gimnd  Coup :  6}  miles. 
(Rec.  7  inilet,  1318 
yd8.)*» 

Coiq>:  I  mik,  i  m. 
50  «. 

Gnad  Coup:  i  m. 
40  s. 
(Rec.  X  m.  93  s.) 

in    Coup:  i  mile  in  8)  m. 
Grand  Coup:  i  mile, 
7  m.  45  s. 
(Rec.  6  m.  agj  s.) 


•  B  a  itaiKlard  is  doired  for  thoae  under  ten.  it  may  be  madt  by  taking  the 
roup  at  the  i4-rear-oldi  ai  the  unit  tad  mbtractiiig  7)  and  15  per  cent  respectively 
for  grand  coup  and  coup  when  it  b  dijtaaca,  or  Mldiag  to  it  7«  wd  15  per  ont 
when  it  is  time. 

**Reea(ds  acoocdiag  to  Spridtag*!  Almanac. 

55 


The  Birch-Bark  RoU 


ATHLETICS  (ConHmm$i) 


KM  raOSB  VNDM  14.' 

47-  Coup:  Run  loo 
yds.  in  14  t. 

Onnd  Com:  100  yd 
in  13  ■. 


FO»  Til  1  ■¥  .J\  Eti  , 
4W»  UNDO  iS. 


toe  fdt  in 


4S>  Not  open. 


49*  Notopaa. 


So>  Notofwa. 


SI.  Coup:  Standing 
iMgh  jump  without 
weights.  3  ft. 

GiWKi  Coup:  3  II. 
4  in. 


Coup.      o     Is  iir  Coup 

Gram!  '  ^  ,,:  Grami  col»:  100 vdfc 

yd*«n  ills.       {in  loif  «.  ^ 
(Rec.  9j  ,.) 

Coup:  Run  laol  Com:  aao  vdi.  fai 
yds.  in  88 1.  Us.  " 
Grind  Coup:  ab  s.    Grand  Cup:  in  ■ 

Coup  Run  I  mile  „, 
IS". 

Gnnd  Coup;  in  4  m. 
45  »• 
(Rec.  4  m.  i5f  8.) 

Coup:  Rwi  10  miles 
in  80  m. 

(.rand'^oyp  in  70m. 
(Rec.  sam. 

Co\xp:  4  ft.  a  in. 
Gnnd  Coup:  4  ft.  6 


Not  open. 


Notopoi. 


Coup:  3  ft.  4  In. 
Grand  Co^>:  3  ft 
9  in. 


(Rec.  5  ft.  5  J  in.) 


•Urn 

Oftht  I, 


kiti 


56 


The  Kt^h-Buk  RQ«i 


ATHLETICS  (C. 


R  TB<vsi;  OVm  14 
•  ,u     N»B*  it. 


TH  'SE  (.»  ,  «  iS. 


S3.  Coil, 

high  jump  with  ut 
weights,  3  ft.  6  In. 

Trand  Coup:  4  a. 


Rui -lingi.   li  .1 

Grai  •>  C>  4  £1. 
6  in. 


S3.  Coup:  SundiagiCoup:  7  ft. 
Iwoad    jump    wltboiit|Onnd  C<Atp;  8  ft 
weights,  6  ft.      .  ^  j 

Onnd  Coup:  61  ft. 


54.  Coup:  Runnin(( 
broad  jump  without 
wetKhU,  13  ft. 

(  -^and  r    p:  i  ?t. 

55.  Coup:  Hop, 
and    imp,  wltb 
w^^ornm,  16  ft 

GnadCoiq>:  19  ft 

j6.    Not  OfMB. 


p:  15' 
Old  C 


'A. 


•  Coup.  aft. 
GriindCwp:  —ft 


"oup:  H 
throw  (la  1 
it.  handle. 

T-f*  cirr. 
h.  .60, 


f>1m. 


Cou 


!  f- 

n  a. 


.tii  Coup.  30  ft> 
S4  ft.  7|  in.) 


:oup  23  ft. 

Grand  Coup:  jo  II. 
Rec.  30  ft.  3  »«•) 


6  ifa»  )  '^5  ft. 
Coup  (16 


^ou; 
Gimi 
Iba.)  75 
(Kec.  oe  ft.  s  ui-> 


•If  -(k 

hr   4->  u  "  thi- 

iiiii  oup  u  a«M* 
IS  time. 


a  tb  Oder  tai.  it  may  be  na<ie  by  taking  the  coup 
■t  aau  ,.i*r*c*«|  7*  Mi*  far 


The  Biceh-Bark  RoO 


ATHLETICS  (Contimied) 


FOB  THOSE  UNDEB  14.* 


FOB  THOSE  OVEB  I4 
AND  UNDEB  18. 


57.  Coup:  Shot  put 
from  a  7-ft.  circle  (13 
lbs.),  18  ft.  ^ 

Gnnd  Coup:  ao  ft 

58.  Throw  regulation 
baseball,  60  yds. 

Gimnd  Coup:  70  yda, 


59-  Coup:  Batting 
baaeball,  55  yds. 

Grand  Coup:  65  yds. 


Coup:  as  ft. 
Grand  Coup:  aSft, 


FOB  TUOSE  OVEB  l8. 


Coup:  75  yds. 
Orand  Coup: 
yds. 

Coup:  70  yds. 
Grand  Coup: 
yds. 


95 


95 


»*!l!Pi.  T^irowjngCoup:  no  yds. 
*  Lacrosse.  Grand  Coup:  130 


the  

90yds. 
Grand  Coup:  100  yds. 

61.  Coup:  To  kick 
(drop)  a  goal  in  football, 
30  y<ls. 

Grand  Coup:  35  yds 

62.  May  try  if  they 
like 


yds. 

Coup:  40  yds. 
Grand  Coup: 
yds. 


45 


May  try  if  they 
oke. 


Coup:  (16  lbs.)  36  ft. 
Grand    Coup:  (16 
lbs.)  40  ft.  ^ 
(Rec.  47  ft.) 

Coup:  100  yds. 
Grand  Coup:  no  yds. 
(Rec.  197  J^s-  2i  in.) 

Coup:  95  yds. 
Grand  Coup:  105  yds. 
^Rec.  118  yds.  10  in.) 

Coup:  130  yds. 
Grand  Coup:  150yds. 
(Rec.  i6s  jndi.  a  ft,  7J 
in.) 

Coup:  50  yds. 
Grand  Coup:  55  yds. 
(Rec.  63  yds.  n  in.) 


Grand  Coup:  Put  two 
Rugby  footbaUs  in  mid- 
dle of  Rugbjr  fidd  and 
kick  a  riipit  and  left 
goal. 


Mf  a  standard  is  d«irtd  for  tho«  uiid«  ten.  k  may  be  made  b,  I.U|«  the  coud 
of  the  14-year-olda  M  the  unil  «>d  subtnctiBa  7«  rnnd  i<  ner  »^  i^*^ 

r«d«.p  «d  coup  .to.  u  I.  di-JTS-CJ  L'ZT^s^^' 

58 


The  Bbch-Bttk  Rofl 


ATHLETICS  (Continrnd) 


worn  THOSE  DNDEB  I4-* 


rOK  TBOSE  OVXB  I4 
AND  UNDEB  18. 


63.  Coup:  To  climb 
the  18-ft.  rope,  hands 
only  used,  13  s. 

Grend  Coup:  11 1. 

64.  Coup:  To  diin 
the  bar  4  times. 

Grand  Coup:  6  toes. 


6S- 
like. 


May  try  if  they 


Coup:  9  s. 
Grand  Coup: 


Coup:  6  times. 
Grand  Coup: 
times. 


10 


Coup:  TocMnthe 
bar  with  one  hand 
once. 
Grand  Coup:  With 
each  hand  in  suc- 
cession. 


66.  Coup:  Skate  100 
yds.  in  15  s. 

Grand  Coup:  13  s 

67.  Coup:  Row 
(single  sculls)  i  mile  in 
II  m. 

Grand  Coup:  10  m 

68.  Coup:  Paddle 
(single)  I  mile  in  13  m 

Grand  Coup:  12  m. 


Coup:  13  s. 
Grand  Coi^>:  12  s. 

Coup:  9  m. 
Grand  Coup:  8  m 


Coup:  19  m. 
Grand  Coup:  XI  m 


roa  Twwa  ovu  18. 


Coup:  6  s. 

Grand  Coup:  $  •• 
(Rec.  3i  s.) 

Coup:  10  tunes. 
Grand  Coup:  15 
times. 
(Rec.  39  times.) 

Coup:  To  chin  the 
bt-  with  each  hand. 

•  iiTind  Coup:  With 
each  hand  twice. 
(Rec.  13  times.) 


Coup:  iii  8. 
Grand  Coup:  lof  s. 
(Rec.  with  wind,  9  s.) 

Coup:  7  m.  25  s. 
Grand  Coup:  6  m. 
SOS. 

Coup:  10  m. 
Grand  Coup:  9  m. 


•  II  a  ttandard  is  desired  lor  those  under  ten,  it  may  be  made  by  taking  the  coup 
ol  the  14-year-olds  as  the  unit  and  subtracting  7*  «nd  «5  pw        respectively  lor 
gnud  caap  tad  coup  when  it  to  dirtance,  or  adding  to  it     u>d  '5 
bbdow. 

59 


The  Bifch-Bark  Rolf 


ATHLETICS  (CMMMwi) 


ton  THOSE  UNDER  1 4.* 


69.  Coup:  Swim  loo 
yds.  in  any  time  at  all. 

Grand  C<Hq>:  aoo  yds. 
in  4  m. 


70.  Notq|)eB. 


71.  Not  open. 


FOR  THOSE  OVER  14 
Ata>  CMOM  18. 


79.  Notf^ea. 


Coup:  Swim  loo 
vds.  in  any  time  at 
kll. 

Grand  Coup:  300 
yds.  in  3  m.  45  a. 

Coup:  Swim  i  mile 
in  50  m. 
Gnmd  Coop:  in  45 
m. 

Coup  (Medley 
Race) :  Go  400 
yds.;  running  100, 
rowing  100,  walk- 
ing 100,  and  swim' 
nung  100  (in  any 
order)  in  6  m. 
Grud  Coup:  5  m 


Coup:  On  Ucyck 
I  mUe  3  m.  30 1. 
Gnad  Coiq>:  3  m 


Coup:  Swim  100  yds. 
in  any  time  at  all. 

Grand  Coup:  300  yds. 
in  3  m.  (Rec.  3  m.  30  s.) 

Coup:  45  m. 

Grand  Coup:  35  m. 

(Rec.  94  m.  46f  s.) 


n»  THOSB  ovn  18. 


Coup:  4}  m. 
Grand  Coup:  4  m. 


Coiq>:  X  mile  9  m. 
50*. 

Giaad  Coup:  t  m. 

90S. 


•  If  aiuiidudUdcdmlte&gnttwl«lM,knay  teaadibirtrtiagteMMp 
o(  the  M-ycu-olds  u  tlw  aait  aad  Mbtncliaf  ?!  aad  ts  p«  cM  iwpidMr  iar 
gnnd  coup  and  coup  mhm  it  it  dirtaM*,  or  aMlM  ts  it  tI  «M  «Imb 


60 


The  Bitch-Bark  RoU 


ATHLETICS  {Conavded) 

The  foUcwing  honors  are  open  to  those  only  who  are  n 
years  tti  or  over : 

73.  Coup:  Walk  xo  miles  in  i  hr.  45  m.  Grand  Cotq>: 
I  hr.  30  m.  (Rec  z  hr.  17  m.  4of  s.) 

74.  Coup:  Walk  100  miles  in  30  his.  (Srand  Coup:  in 
3$  his.   (Rec  ai  his.  4a  s.) 

75.  Coup:  Swim  5  mQes  in  4  hmm.  Grand  Coup:  in 
3  J  hours.  (Rec.  3  hrs.  58  m.  ^  s.) 

76.  Coup:  Swim  10  miles  in  any  time. 

77.  Grand  Coup:  Swim  15  miles  in  any  time. 

78.  Coup:  Bicycle,  zoo  miles  in  one  day  aoowding  to 
L.  A.  W.  rules. 

GtandCoiq>:  aoo  miles. 


[thSMMp 


The  Bfach-Buk  Roll 

Until  further  notice  the  National  Council  will  allow 
honors  on  all  properly  recognized  outdoor  exploitT 
not  herein  hsted,  on  the  foUowing  general  basia-  Con 
testants  over  eighteen  must  make^^o  per^'oH?; 
amateur  record  distance  for  coup,  and  95  Ser  cent 
for  grand  coup;  or  if  it  is  a  time  exploit,  not  eTceeTg 
thejcord  by  10  per  cent,  for  coup;  5  per  cent  fo? 
pnd  coup.  Contestants  under  eighteen  and  over 
fourteen  must  make  85  and  90  per  cent,  or  not  exceed 
time  by  more  than  15  and  10  per  cent.   Those  under 

S.'i  n^f  """i,  "S^^^  ^5  per  cent  of  distance 
and  not  exceed  time  by  more  than  20  and  15  per  cent. 
The  records  are  as  given  in  Spalding's  Official  Athletic 
Ahnanac  (lo  cents  of  aU  bookseUere). 

CLASS  III.    BLUE  HONORS 
NATURE  STUDY-VERTEBRATES 

Revised  by  Mr  Frank  M.  Chapman,  of  the  Ameri- 
can Museum  of  Natural  HiskJyTNew  York  City 
79-  Know  and  name  correctly  25  native  wild 

quadrupeds,  for  coup;  know  and  name  correcUy  co. 

ai^  ten  something  about  each,  for  grand  coup. 
80.  Know  and  draw  unmistakable  pictures  of 

25  tracks  of  our  four-foot  animals,  for  coup:  of  co  for 

grand  coup.  *^ 

8x.  Know  and  name  correctly  100  of  our  native 

69 


The  Birch-Bairk  RoU 


birds  as  seen  mounted  in  a  museum,  the  female  and 
young  to  count  separately  when  they  are  wholly  dif- 
ferent from  the  male.  This  counts  coup;  aoo  birds 
for  grand  coup. 

82.  Know  and  name  correctly  50  wild  birds  in 
the  field;  this  counts  coup;  100,  grand  coup. 

83.  Recognize  50  wild  lards  by  note,  for  coup; 
100  for  grand  coup. 

84.  Klnow  and  name  10  turtles  for  coup,  20  for 
grand  coup,  with  something  interesting  about  each. 

85.  Know  and  name  10  different  snakes,  telling  which 
are  poisonous,  for  coup;  20  snakes  for  grand  coup. 

86.  Know  and  name  correctly  10  Batrachians  for 
coup;  20  for  grand  coup. 

87.  Know  and  name  25  fish,  for  coup;  50  6ah  for 
grand  coup. 


NATURE  STUDY— LOWER  FORMS  OF  LIFE 
Revised  by  Mr.  John  Burroughs. 

88.  Know  and  name  25  native  land  and  fresh 
water  shells,  for  coup;  50  for  grand  coup. 

89.  Know  and  name  25  moths,  for  coup;  50  fat 
grand  coup. 

90.  Know  and  name  25  butterflies,  for  coup;  50 
butterflies  for  grand  coup. 

91.  Know  and  name  50  other  insects,  for  coup; 
zoo  for  grand  coup. 

63 


The  Bifch-B«k  RoO 


92.  Know  and  name  correctly,  i.e.,  with  the  ac- 
cepted English  names,  according  to  any  standard 
authority,  35  trees,  and  tell  something  interesting  about 
them,  counts  coup;  50  for  grand  coup. 

93.  Know  and  name  correctly  50  of  our  wild 
flowers,  for  coup;  100  for  grand  coup. 

94.  Know  and  name  correctly  25  of  our  wild  ferns, 
for  coup;  50  for  gnind  coup. 

95.  Know  and  name  correctly  25  of  our  native 
mosses,  for  coup;  50  for  grand  coup. 

96.  Know  and  name  50  common  toadstools  or 
muduooms,  for  coup;  100  for  grand  coup. 

GEOLOGY,  ETC. 

Revised  by  Prof.  Charles  D.  WalcoU,  Chief  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey 

97.  Paleontology.  Know  and  name,  referring  to 
their  proper  strata,  50  native  fosdls,  for  coup;  100  for 

grand  coup. 

98.  Mineralogy.  Know  and  name  50  minerab, 
for  coup;  100  for  grand  coup. 

99.  Geology.  Know  and  name  and  describe  the 
14  great  divisions  of  the  earth's  crust,  according  to 
Geikie,  also  d^nt  watershed,  ddta,  drift,  fault,  gkider, 
terrace,  stratum,  dip,  and  identify  10  different  kinds 
of  rock,  for  coup.  In  addition  to  the  first,  define  sedi- 
ment, metamorphic,  anticlinal,  syndinal,  moraine,  coal, 

64 


The  Birch-Bark  RoU 


metal,  mineral,  petroleum,  and  identify  in  all  90 
kinds  of  rock,  for  grand  coup. 

PHOTOGRAPHY 

Reinsed  by  Mr.  A.  Redely f}e  Dugmore,  of  "ComUiy 
Lije,"  New  York. 

100.  Make  a  good  recognizable  photograph  of  any 
wild  bird  larger  than  a  robin,  while  on  its  nest,  the 
bird  itself  to  be  at  least  one  inch  long  on  plate,  for 

coup. 

101.  Make  a  good  photograph  of  a  Ruffed  Grouse 
drumming,  the  bird  to  be  at  least  one  inch  kmg  on 
plate,  for  grand  coup. 

102.  Make  a  good  recognizable  photograph  of  a  wild 
animal  in  the  air,  for  coup,  or  grand  coup,  according 
to  merit,  the  image  to  be  at  least  one  inch  on 
the  plate. 

103.  Ditto  for  a  fish. 

104.  Get  a  good  photograph  of  any  lai]ge  wild  animal 
in  its  native  surroundings,  and  not  looking  at  you,  the 
animal  to  be  at  least  one  inch  long  <m  the  pkte,  for 
coup,  or  grand  coup,  according  to  merit. 

(As  these  are  tests  of  Woodcraft,  menagerie  animab 
do  not  count.) 

This  list  is  made  by  the  National  Council.  The 
exploits  are  founded  on  world-wide  standards,  and 

65 


The  Birch^k  RoQ 

with  the  help  of  the  best  experts.  The  Council  will 
gladly  consider  any  suggestion,  but  it  must  be  under- 
stood that  no  local  tribe  has  any  power  to  add  to  or 
vary  the  exploits  in  any  way  whatsoever. 


66 


BOOKS  BY  ERNEST  THOMPSON  SETOM 

p^bUahed  by  DOUBLEDAY.  PAGE  ft  CO. 
133  E**t  i6th  Btratt,  New  York  City 

TWO  LITTLE  SAVAaSS,  1903 

A  book  of  adventure  and  woodcraft  and  camping  out  for 
boys,  telling  how  to  make  bows,  arrows,  moccasins,  costumes, 
teepee,  war-bonnet,  etc.,  and  how  to  make  a  fire  with  rubbing 
sticks,  read  Indian  signs,  etc.   Price,  $1.75  net. 

THS  WILD  ANIMAL  PLAT,  1900 

A  musical  play  in  which  tl  -  parts  of  Lobo,  Wthb,  ViMtn, 
etc.,  are  taken  by  boys  and  girls.   Price,  soc. 


Published  by  CHARLES  SCRIBNBR'S  SONS 
sss  mh  A«WM%  M«w  Twk  CMy 

WILD  AUXMALS  X  HATI  XVOWV.  1898 

The  stories  of  Lobo,  Sil^-erspot,  Mdtty  CottontMl,  UnflO, 
Vixen,  The  Pacing  MusUng,  Wully  and  Redniff.  Pnce,  «3M. 

LOBO,  SAO  AVD  TIZIV,  1800 

This  is  a  school  edition  of  the  abant,  with  Mme  of  the  itoiiM 
and  many  of  the  pirturee  left  out.  Price,  Soc  net. 

TBI  niAIL  or  TBI  tAVSBXLL  ITAft,  1899 

The  story  of  a  loDg  hunt  that  ended  wilhoitt  a  tnfedy.  Price, 

$1.50. 

TBI  £Zm  or  TBI  BUVTID.  1801 

The  stories  of  Krag,  Randy,  Johnny  Bear^  Tte  ^^^r 
Teal,  Chink,  The  Kargartio  Rat,  and  Tho,  the  Coyote.  Price, 
$1-75  net. 

SBAG  AND  JOHNNT  BlAB,  1908 

This  is  a  schod  edition  of  the  above,  with  aome  of  the  1 
and  many  of  d»  pktwes  kit  oM.  Price,50Ciiet. 

67 


/ 


noTVBu  or  wzld  mmoum,  hoi 

Twdve  laife  pictuitt  for  fnuning  (no  text),  vis.,  Kng,  Lcbo, 
Tito  Cub,  Kanffuoo  Rat,  Griitly,  Buffalo,  Bear  FamUv,  Johnny 
Bear,  SaadUU  Stas,  Cooa  Famify,  Courttut  the  Wolf,  Tito 
and  her  family,  race,  t6.oe. 

MOgHOH.  TBI  no  BIAR  OF  TILLAO,  MM 

The  at(»7  ol  a  big  Califoroia  Griady  that  ia  Uvii^  jret.  Pike, 
net. 

AMIMAL  BIBOni.  IMS 

The  stories  of  a  Slum  Cat,  a  Homiiw  Pigeon,  The  Wolf  that 
Won,  A  Lynx,  A  Jackrabbit,  A  Bull-terrier,  llie  Wnnipeg 

Wolf  and  A  White  Reindeer.   Price,  I1.7S  net. 

MAMSCALB  OF  MAHITOBA. 

To  be  isaued  shortly. 


PnbUahad  by  THB  CENTURY  COMFAMY 

Union  Square,  New  York  CKjr 

KOOftAPHT  or  ▲  OBIZSLT.  1900 

The  story  of  old  Wahb  from  Cub-hood  to  the  scene  in  Death 

Gulch.    Price,  $1.50. 

WOODMTTH  AVD  riBLI,  1906 

A  cdkction  of  fablei,  woodland  venes,  and  camp  storica. 
Price,  ti.a5  net. 


BY  MRS.  ERNEST  THOMPSON  SETON 
Publiahed  by  DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  ft  CO. 

A  WOMAN  TENDEBFOOT 

A  book  of  outdoor  adventures  and  camping  for  women  and 
giris.  How  to  dress  for  it,  where  to  go,  and  now  to  profit  the 
mout  by  amp  Hfe.  Price,  $2.00. 

68 


A  LIST  OF  BOOKS  RECOMMENDED  FOR 

NATURE  STUDENTS 
MAMMALS  OF  THE~ADIRONDACKS 

By  C.  hart  MERRIAM,  M.D. 
Hrary       6*  C:,  Ntm  York  CUy,  Prkt, 

BAVDBOOK  or  BISDt  OF  BAITIEV  VOBTB 
AMBBIOA 

By  frank  M.  chapman 
D.  Apfltttm  6»  Co.,  New  York  CUy.  Price,  $3.00 
BAITDBOOK  OF  BIBDi  OF  WBITIBM  VMXTID 
STATES 

FLORENCE  MERRIAM  BAILEY 
Houghton,  Mifflin     Co.,  Boitm,  Mau.  Price,  $3.50 

THE  HATUBE  UBBABT 

Published  by  Dotibkday,  Pagi  tt  Co.  Sold  by  tubstriftiom.  Price 

OK  application. 

Volume  I  conuins  the  genenl  introduction  to  the  library, 
by  John  Burroughs,  and  Ndtje  BUnchan  givea  an  mtroductory 
acquaintance  wTth  150  bWt  uroaDy  found  to  the  gardens, 
meadows,  and  woods  about  our  homes.  The  birds  are  classified 
in  five  different  ways,  making  identification  immedUtely  p<»- 
sible  without  technical  knoi^e^.  There  are  48  P»ates  in 
colors,  and  i6in  black-and-white.  »u  . 

Volume  II,  Iw  Neltje  Bfamduta,  fa  dcyoted  to  Uiat 
Hunt  and  are  Hunted."  O.  O.  SWekfa  hu  wiittm  tite  liitio- 
duction  to  this  account  <rf  170  binfa  ol  pfw,  pHM  wros,  and 
waterfowl.  64  color  plate*  and  16  plates  hi  Mack-«iid-wMle. 

Volume  III,  by  A.  RadcMfe  Dupwxe.  fa  ft  ctMnplete  manual 
of  binl'i-neatt,  eggs,  and  bwediii«  habits cortaimngdso  .lu- 
able  hints  on  nature  photorapl^ 
photographs  of  bird  Hie  haw  Buds  Urn  fuooaa.  16  cdat 
plates  and  8a  other  pictures. 

Volume  IV  fa  the  atfy  book  wWdi  sums  up  »W»4"j2r2 
dw  maaa  of  new  kaonrledge  about  American  iMnmill  wUcii 

69 


science  hu.  gathrred  during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century.  By 


.  f  .irturcs  are  marvellous  feats  of  the  nera,  nearly  all  Dcing 
photographed  from  hie,  generally  uf  wild  animals.  There  are 
also  eight  colored  plates. 

\'olunie  V,  by  David  Starr  Jordan  and  Barton  W.  Evermann, 
fills  a  long-felt  need  in  popular  scientific  works,  being  a  full 
account  of  the  life-histoncs  and  methods  of  capture  o?  North 
American  food  and  game  fish.  With  lo  lithographed  color 
plates,  lOO  photographs  of  live  fish  in  the  water,  and  aoo  text 
cuts. 

Volume  VI  is  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Holland,  who  has  introduced 
thousands  of  readers  to  the  delightful  study  of  butterfliei  and 
caterpillars.  Its  48  color  plates  are  the  finest  ever  made  by  the 
three-color  photographic  process,  and  in  these  and  the  teat  cuts 
fully  a  thousand  different  species  of  butterflies  are  ^uwn. 
There  an  ftepint  oo  tite  cajitttit  and  pnwrvMkm  of  bimer> 
flies. 

Volume  VII,  also  by  Dr.  Holland,  ukcs  up  the  subject  of 
mothi.  There  are  i  ,500  figures  in  the  colored  plates  and  300 
text  cuts  of  the  moths  of  North  Amerii  .1 

Volume  VIII,  by  D.'.  L.  O.  Howard  rents  of  bees,  wasps, 
ants,  grasshoppers,  flies,  and  other  Nortti  American  inaecti, 
admirably  suited  to  the  general  reader.  It  has  t6  color  plates 
and  3a  black-and-white,  all  photographed  ban  litt  iaiectB 
themselves,  besides  nearly  300  text  cuts. 

Volume  IX,  by  Neltie  Blanchan,  enables  any  one  to  identify 
all  the  common  wild  llowen  of  the  North  .American  continent, 
and  introduces  the  reader  to  their  marvellous  life-histories  and 
the  pan  which  insects  play  in  these.  Illustrations:  33  color 
plates  and  48  black-aad^iriiite,  aU  fnm  phomgwpha  of  ^ 
actual  flower. 

Volume  X,  by  Nina  L.  Marshall,  is  an  invaluable  aid  to  all 
who  are  interested  in  fungi  as  food  or  as  a  limitless  subject  of 
study.  34  color  plates  and  40  bUdtHMad-wlito  ban  piMlto' 
graphs  by  Mr.  and  Miss  Anderson. 

Volume  XI,  by  Julia  E.  Rogers,  has  many  features  th..  1  no  other 
work  on  treen  approaches.  It  tells  how  to  know  the  trees;  the 
»iscs  and  value  of  trees;  the  care  of  trees;  how  to  grow  trees;  the 
preservation  of  forests.    The  350  beautiful  pbotoeraj^iic  ilhis- 


tnuoBtt  Of  A»  Ra  DagBMnt  show  budi 


Witmer  Stone  and  William  Everitt 


The  80  full 


70 


and  the  wood  of  *H  the  Imporunt  tpedet,  and  then  tn  i« 

•^vSiiJic^xTl  u  a  most  *o*^**!7  S:£!S^!3r 

and  contains  a  weahh  <.f  original  obi«vadoB 

rfro|.  and  t.>ad.  thatta  a  ^^trSj^^^S^^S^L^^Si 
plates  in  clor  and  IIMify  JOO  hhelW**«Wli  pl»<i»o|»p*«  WW 

life  by  the  author. 

OUR  HATXVI  TBIM 

HARRIET  L.  KEELER,  1900 
Charks  Scribner's  S<ms,  New  York  City.    Priet,  liM 

OlOLOOXOAL  STOBY  BBOFLT  TOtD 

JAMES  D.  DANA 
Amryican  Book  Co.,  New  ■      City.   Prkt.  $i.iS 

FBIMBB  OF  OBOLOaY 

ARCHIBALD  GEIKIE 
American  Book  Co.,  New  York  City.   Price,  3SC 

immmf  with  ah  opbba  olam 

GARRETT  P.  SERVISS 
D.  Apphtm^  Co.,  N'w  York  City.   Price,  ti-So 

irAUMMV  OmOlAL  ATHLinO  ALXAMAC 

EDITED  BY  J.  E.  SULLIVAN 


7^ 


